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Answer: (D)
Statement-I is incorrect because the CBFC does not possess arbitrary or unchecked absolute authority; its certification and modification decisions are subject to legal review, and filmmakers can challenge its rulings through higher judicial bodies or
appellate mechanisms.
Statement-II is correct because any film exhibited publicly in India must legally secure a valid certificate from the CBFC in accordance with the provisions mandated by the Cinematograph Act of 1952.
Therefore, option D is the correct answer.
Statement-I is incorrect because the CBFC does not possess arbitrary or unchecked absolute authority; its certification and modification decisions are subject to legal review, and filmmakers can challenge its rulings through higher judicial bodies or
appellate mechanisms.
Statement-II is correct because any film exhibited publicly in India must legally secure a valid certificate from the CBFC in accordance with the provisions mandated by the Cinematograph Act of 1952.
Therefore, option D is the correct answer.
On September 2026, India and MERCOSUR launched negotiations to expand their existing Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) to deepen trade and create greater market-access opportunities.
India–MERCOSUR trade reached around US$20.84 billion in 2025. India sees scope for greater access for sectors such as pharmaceuticals, while MERCOSUR is important for India's broader engagement with Latin America.
Important for UPSC: India–MERCOSUR PTA → Preferential tariff concessions → Expansion talks in 2026 → e-Certificate of Origin → Latin America trade.
India–MERCOSUR trade reached around US$20.84 billion in 2025. India sees scope for greater access for sectors such as pharmaceuticals, while MERCOSUR is important for India's broader engagement with Latin America.
Important for UPSC: India–MERCOSUR PTA → Preferential tariff concessions → Expansion talks in 2026 → e-Certificate of Origin → Latin America trade.
India has developed an indigenous technology to produce bio-bitumen from agricultural residue, especially rice straw, using pyrolysis. The resulting bio-oil is upgraded and converted into a road-grade bio-binder.
The technology was jointly developed by CSIR-CRRI, New Delhi and CSIR-IIP, Dehradun. In January 2026, it was transferred to industries for commercial manufacturing and scale-up.
Important for UPSC: Agricultural residue → Pyrolysis → Bio-oil → Bio-binder → Stubble management + Circular Economy + Import reduction.
The technology was jointly developed by CSIR-CRRI, New Delhi and CSIR-IIP, Dehradun. In January 2026, it was transferred to industries for commercial manufacturing and scale-up.
Important for UPSC: Agricultural residue → Pyrolysis → Bio-oil → Bio-binder → Stubble management + Circular Economy + Import reduction.
Sri Venkateswara National Park forms part of the Seshachalam Hills Biosphere Reserve, an important biodiversity region of the Eastern Ghats.
Important for UPSC: Environment & Ecology → Protected Areas → Eastern Ghats → Seshachalam Hills → Biodiversity → Red Sanders → Biosphere Reserves.
Important for UPSC: Environment & Ecology → Protected Areas → Eastern Ghats → Seshachalam Hills → Biodiversity → Red Sanders → Biosphere Reserves.
INS Kolkata was recently in the news after it was involved in a maritime collision with Pakistan Navy vessel PNS Hunain in the North Arabian Sea on 15 September 2026. India and Pakistan have given different accounts of the incident.
Important for UPSC: Defence → Indian Navy → Project 15A → Guided-Missile Destroyer → Maritime Security → Arabian Sea → India–Pakistan Maritime Relations
Important for UPSC: Defence → Indian Navy → Project 15A → Guided-Missile Destroyer → Maritime Security → Arabian Sea → India–Pakistan Maritime Relations
India has rejected the Pakistan–China Boundary Joint Commission, operationalised in September 2026, calling it without legal basis.
Important for UPSC: International Relations → India–China → India–Pakistan → J&K & Ladakh → Shaksgam Valley → Karakoram → CPEC → Territorial Disputes.
Important for UPSC: International Relations → India–China → India–Pakistan → J&K & Ladakh → Shaksgam Valley → Karakoram → CPEC → Territorial Disputes.