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Answer: (D)
Koshi
Confluence: Known as Saptakoshi in Nepal, the river system is formed by seven major upper Himalayan tributaries, most notably the Arun, Sun Koshi, and Tamor.
Course & Entry: It flows south out of eastern Nepal, enters the Indian state of Bihar at the Supaul district, and eventually discharges into the Ganga near Kursela in Katihar district.
Sediment Load & Flooding: Due to severe erosion in its steep mountain catchment, the Koshi carries an exceptionally high silt load. This deposition leads to frequent channel shifting and severe flooding, earning it the title "Sorrow of Bihar."
Therefore, option D is the correct answer.
Koshi
Confluence: Known as Saptakoshi in Nepal, the river system is formed by seven major upper Himalayan tributaries, most notably the Arun, Sun Koshi, and Tamor.
Course & Entry: It flows south out of eastern Nepal, enters the Indian state of Bihar at the Supaul district, and eventually discharges into the Ganga near Kursela in Katihar district.
Sediment Load & Flooding: Due to severe erosion in its steep mountain catchment, the Koshi carries an exceptionally high silt load. This deposition leads to frequent channel shifting and severe flooding, earning it the title "Sorrow of Bihar."
Therefore, option D is the correct answer.
Consider the following statements with reference to the PARIVARTAN Scheme:
I. The PARIVARTAN Scheme seeks to reduce transport-related air pollution in the Delhi-NCR region through accelerated replacement of old commercial vehicles.
II. The PARIVARTAN Scheme combines financial support with vehicle replacement to accelerate the transition towards cleaner commercial transport in Delhi-NCR.
III. The scheme covers eligible trucks and buses registered in Delhi as well as specified NCR districts of Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.
Which of the following relationships among the above statements is/are correct?
1. Statement II explains the approach through which the objective stated in Statement I is pursued.
2. Statement III specifies the geographical scope of the intervention described in Statement I.
3. Statement II contradicts Statement I by focusing on financial support rather than pollution reduction.
I. The PARIVARTAN Scheme seeks to reduce transport-related air pollution in the Delhi-NCR region through accelerated replacement of old commercial vehicles.
II. The PARIVARTAN Scheme combines financial support with vehicle replacement to accelerate the transition towards cleaner commercial transport in Delhi-NCR.
III. The scheme covers eligible trucks and buses registered in Delhi as well as specified NCR districts of Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.
Which of the following relationships among the above statements is/are correct?
1. Statement II explains the approach through which the objective stated in Statement I is pursued.
2. Statement III specifies the geographical scope of the intervention described in Statement I.
3. Statement II contradicts Statement I by focusing on financial support rather than pollution reduction.
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Answer: (B)
● Statement I: The PARIVARTAN Scheme aims to reduce transport-related air
pollution in the Delhi-NCR region by accelerating the replacement of old
commercial vehicles. Hence, Statement I is correct.
● Statement II: The scheme combines financial support with vehicle replacement to
facilitate the transition towards cleaner commercial transport. This directly explains
how the objective stated in Statement I is pursued. Hence, Relationship 1 is
correct.
● Statement III: The scheme covers eligible trucks and buses registered in Delhi and
specified NCR districts of Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. Thus, it
specifies the geographical scope of the intervention mentioned in Statement I.
Hence, Relationship 2 is correct.
● Relationship 3: Statement II does not contradict Statement I. Financial support is
an instrument used to achieve the broader objective of reducing transport-related
pollution. Hence, Relationship 3 is incorrect.
● Therefore, Relationships 1 and 2 are correct.
● Hence, option (B) is the correct answer.
● Statement I: The PARIVARTAN Scheme aims to reduce transport-related air
pollution in the Delhi-NCR region by accelerating the replacement of old
commercial vehicles. Hence, Statement I is correct.
● Statement II: The scheme combines financial support with vehicle replacement to
facilitate the transition towards cleaner commercial transport. This directly explains
how the objective stated in Statement I is pursued. Hence, Relationship 1 is
correct.
● Statement III: The scheme covers eligible trucks and buses registered in Delhi and
specified NCR districts of Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. Thus, it
specifies the geographical scope of the intervention mentioned in Statement I.
Hence, Relationship 2 is correct.
● Relationship 3: Statement II does not contradict Statement I. Financial support is
an instrument used to achieve the broader objective of reducing transport-related
pollution. Hence, Relationship 3 is incorrect.
● Therefore, Relationships 1 and 2 are correct.
● Hence, option (B) is the correct answer.
Which of the following are indigenous Artificial Intelligence (AI) models developed in India?
1. Krutrim
2. Evon
3. Param
4. Qwen
1. Krutrim
2. Evon
3. Param
4. Qwen
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Answer: (A)
● Krutrim — Correct: Krutrim is an indigenous AI model developed in India, with a focus on Indian languages and applications.
● Evon — Correct: Evon is an indigenous AI model developed by Gnani AI in India, with a focus on Indian languages and sovereign AI capabilities.
● Param — Correct: Param is a multilingual foundation-model family developed under BharatGen, an Indian initiative focused on building indigenous AI capabilities.
● Qwen — Incorrect: Qwen is a family of AI models developed by Alibaba Cloud of China. Therefore, it is not an indigenous Indian AI model.
Hence, option A is the correct answer.
● Krutrim — Correct: Krutrim is an indigenous AI model developed in India, with a focus on Indian languages and applications.
● Evon — Correct: Evon is an indigenous AI model developed by Gnani AI in India, with a focus on Indian languages and sovereign AI capabilities.
● Param — Correct: Param is a multilingual foundation-model family developed under BharatGen, an Indian initiative focused on building indigenous AI capabilities.
● Qwen — Incorrect: Qwen is a family of AI models developed by Alibaba Cloud of China. Therefore, it is not an indigenous Indian AI model.
Hence, option A is the correct answer.
Dear Students,
CCA Prelims 2027 will commence from 4th September 2026.
Class Schedule
- Classes: Monday, Wednesday & Friday
- Frequency: 2–3 classes per week
- Time: 7:00 PM
- Duration: Around 45 minutes per class
- Class materials will be provided as PDF after class
- Practice Questions: Sent the following day after each class
Full-Length Test
- 2nd Monday of every month
- Duration: 2 hours
- 100 Questions
- From March full length tests on CCA will be every fortnight
Each class recording will be available for 7 days from the date of the class only
After the 7-day access period, the recording will no longer be available for viewing. Students are therefore advised to attend the live classes regularly and complete the practice questions within the stipulated time.
ALL CCA content is for registered students only. Class videos, PDFs and digital materials are made individually traceable and it will be under copyright act violations if shared. Any unauthorised sharing is strictly prohibited under law.
Classes will cover all subjects like History, Geography, Economics, International Relations,Constitution, Environment, Science from Current affairs point of view in addition to Classes on Current events of national and international importance.
Regards,
R.A. Israel Jebasingh
Director, Officers IAS Academy
CCA Prelims 2027 will commence from 4th September 2026.
Class Schedule
- Classes: Monday, Wednesday & Friday
- Frequency: 2–3 classes per week
- Time: 7:00 PM
- Duration: Around 45 minutes per class
- Class materials will be provided as PDF after class
- Practice Questions: Sent the following day after each class
Full-Length Test
- 2nd Monday of every month
- Duration: 2 hours
- 100 Questions
- From March full length tests on CCA will be every fortnight
Each class recording will be available for 7 days from the date of the class only
After the 7-day access period, the recording will no longer be available for viewing. Students are therefore advised to attend the live classes regularly and complete the practice questions within the stipulated time.
ALL CCA content is for registered students only. Class videos, PDFs and digital materials are made individually traceable and it will be under copyright act violations if shared. Any unauthorised sharing is strictly prohibited under law.
Classes will cover all subjects like History, Geography, Economics, International Relations,Constitution, Environment, Science from Current affairs point of view in addition to Classes on Current events of national and international importance.
Regards,
R.A. Israel Jebasingh
Director, Officers IAS Academy
The San Andreas Fault is a major active fault system in California, USA, forming the boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate.
UPSC Focus: Plate Tectonics | Transform Boundaries | Strike-Slip Faults | Earthquakes | Pacific Plate | North American Plate | Seismic Hazards.
UPSC Focus: Plate Tectonics | Transform Boundaries | Strike-Slip Faults | Earthquakes | Pacific Plate | North American Plate | Seismic Hazards.
The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) Summit was held in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, on 31 August–1 September 2026. The SCO also marked its 25th anniversary in 2026.
India’s participation: Prime Minister Narendra Modi participated in the summit and highlighted India’s priorities of Security, Connectivity and Opportunity (S-C-O).
Important for UPSC: Remember SCO – 2001 – Shanghai – Eurasia – Security/Connectivity – India became a full member in 2017 – 26th Summit 2026: Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
India’s participation: Prime Minister Narendra Modi participated in the summit and highlighted India’s priorities of Security, Connectivity and Opportunity (S-C-O).
Important for UPSC: Remember SCO – 2001 – Shanghai – Eurasia – Security/Connectivity – India became a full member in 2017 – 26th Summit 2026: Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.
ntroduced in 2014–15, Price Stabilisation Fund enables the government to intervene in markets when prices rise sharply or fall significantly.
The government procures and maintains buffer stocks of selected commodities and releases them into the market when prices rise.
The government procures and maintains buffer stocks of selected commodities and releases them into the market when prices rise.
Consider the following statements regarding the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2026:
1. A uniform tax framework applies to mining activities under the amended framework.
2. No tax or cess shall be imposed by a State Government on mineral rights or mineral-bearing lands.
3. Minor minerals do not remain entirely under the control of State Governments.
1. A uniform tax framework applies to mining activities under the amended framework.
2. No tax or cess shall be imposed by a State Government on mineral rights or mineral-bearing lands.
3. Minor minerals do not remain entirely under the control of State Governments.
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