Answer: (C)
● Mission Mausam aims to improve weather and climate services through better observation, modelling and forecasting, helping provide more timely and accurate weather information for various sectors. Hence Statement 1 is Correct.
● Mission Mausam was launched by the Ministry of Earth Sciences in 2024. It is implemented by the India Meteorological Department (IMD), National Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF), and Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM). Hence Statement 2 is Correct.
Therefore , option C is the correct answer.
● Mission Mausam aims to improve weather and climate services through better observation, modelling and forecasting, helping provide more timely and accurate weather information for various sectors. Hence Statement 1 is Correct.
● Mission Mausam was launched by the Ministry of Earth Sciences in 2024. It is implemented by the India Meteorological Department (IMD), National Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF), and Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM). Hence Statement 2 is Correct.
Therefore , option C is the correct answer.
Hara Forests are extensive mangrove forests located in the Khuran Strait of the Persian Gulf, between Qeshm Island and the southern coast of Iran, in Hormozgan Province.
The Hara ecosystem consists of mangrove forests, mudflats, tidal creeks, shallow waters and small islands, making it an important coastal ecosystem.
Important for UPSC: Mangrove Ecosystems, Persian Gulf, Avicennia marina, Ramsar Convention, UNESCO Biosphere Reserves, Blue Carbon, Coastal Biodiversity and Climate Resilience.
The Hara ecosystem consists of mangrove forests, mudflats, tidal creeks, shallow waters and small islands, making it an important coastal ecosystem.
Important for UPSC: Mangrove Ecosystems, Persian Gulf, Avicennia marina, Ramsar Convention, UNESCO Biosphere Reserves, Blue Carbon, Coastal Biodiversity and Climate Resilience.
Which of the following are included in India’s Foreign Exchange Reserves?
1. Foreign Currency Assets
2. Monetary Gold
3. Special Drawing Rights
4. Reserve Tranche Position in the IMF
5. Government securities issued by the Government of India
1. Foreign Currency Assets
2. Monetary Gold
3. Special Drawing Rights
4. Reserve Tranche Position in the IMF
5. Government securities issued by the Government of India
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Answer: (B)
According to the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), India’s Foreign Exchange Reserves officially consist of four major components:
1. Foreign Currency Assets (FCA): Denominated in major foreign currencies (USD, EUR, GBP, etc.) and held in foreign central banks, Treasury bills, and government securities of foreign nations.
2. Monetary Gold: Gold held by the RBI as part of its reserve assets.
3. Special Drawing Rights (SDRs): International reserve assets allocated by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to member countries.
4. Reserve Tranche Position (RTP): A member country's quota-based reserve position with the IMF that can be drawn upon on demand.
Why Item 5 is incorrect:
● Government securities issued by the Government of India are domestic debt instruments denominated in Indian Rupees (INR) and are liabilities of the government, not external foreign exchange assets held by the central bank.
Therefore, option B is the correct answer.
According to the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), India’s Foreign Exchange Reserves officially consist of four major components:
1. Foreign Currency Assets (FCA): Denominated in major foreign currencies (USD, EUR, GBP, etc.) and held in foreign central banks, Treasury bills, and government securities of foreign nations.
2. Monetary Gold: Gold held by the RBI as part of its reserve assets.
3. Special Drawing Rights (SDRs): International reserve assets allocated by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to member countries.
4. Reserve Tranche Position (RTP): A member country's quota-based reserve position with the IMF that can be drawn upon on demand.
Why Item 5 is incorrect:
● Government securities issued by the Government of India are domestic debt instruments denominated in Indian Rupees (INR) and are liabilities of the government, not external foreign exchange assets held by the central bank.
Therefore, option B is the correct answer.
Consider the following statements with reference to the Chips to Start-up Programme:
1. It aims to develop industry-ready professionals in the semiconductor sector.
2. It provides access to chip-design tools, laboratories, mentorship and technical support.
3. It is implemented by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).
1. It aims to develop industry-ready professionals in the semiconductor sector.
2. It provides access to chip-design tools, laboratories, mentorship and technical support.
3. It is implemented by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).
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Answer: (D)
The Chips to Start-up (C2S) Programme aims to develop industry-ready professionals in the semiconductor sector. It targets the development of 85,000 industry-ready professionals across undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral levels. Hence Statement 1 is Correct .
The programme provides students with hands-on exposure to chip design, fabrication and testing. It facilitates access to advanced chip-design tools, laboratory/fabrication facilities, testing resources, mentorship and technical support. Hence Statement 2 is Correct.
The C2S Programme was launched by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) in 2022 as an umbrella capacity-building initiative. Hence Statement 3 is Correct.
Therefore , Option D is the correct answer.
The Chips to Start-up (C2S) Programme aims to develop industry-ready professionals in the semiconductor sector. It targets the development of 85,000 industry-ready professionals across undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral levels. Hence Statement 1 is Correct .
The programme provides students with hands-on exposure to chip design, fabrication and testing. It facilitates access to advanced chip-design tools, laboratory/fabrication facilities, testing resources, mentorship and technical support. Hence Statement 2 is Correct.
The C2S Programme was launched by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) in 2022 as an umbrella capacity-building initiative. Hence Statement 3 is Correct.
Therefore , Option D is the correct answer.
We are delighted to invite you to an exclusive seminar on “How School Students Can Start Their IAS Preparation” at Officers IAS Academy.
Gain valuable insights from Dr. Sylendra Babu on building the right mindset, habits, and roadmap for a successful Civil Services journey from an early stage.
📅 30th August 2026
⏰ 10:00 AM
📍 Venue: Officers IAS Academy, Chennai
We also invite parents to be a part of this session and understand the roadmap and commitment required for UPSC success. Don’t miss this chance to receive valuable guidance from one of the best mentors in the field!
To Register : https://forms.gle/Qpjas5heFW1wcaWa8
For any queries, reach us at +91 7845878226
Gain valuable insights from Dr. Sylendra Babu on building the right mindset, habits, and roadmap for a successful Civil Services journey from an early stage.
📅 30th August 2026
⏰ 10:00 AM
📍 Venue: Officers IAS Academy, Chennai
We also invite parents to be a part of this session and understand the roadmap and commitment required for UPSC success. Don’t miss this chance to receive valuable guidance from one of the best mentors in the field!
To Register : https://forms.gle/Qpjas5heFW1wcaWa8
For any queries, reach us at +91 7845878226
Navachar Mantra initiative seeks to encourage young innovators and student-led ideas, helping transform innovative concepts into practical solutions.
Such initiatives contribute to India's goals of building a knowledge-based economy, strengthening the startup ecosystem and promoting innovation-led development.
Important for UPSC: Innovation & Entrepreneurship, Education, Skill Development, Startup Ecosystem, Youth Development and Knowledge Economy.
Such initiatives contribute to India's goals of building a knowledge-based economy, strengthening the startup ecosystem and promoting innovation-led development.
Important for UPSC: Innovation & Entrepreneurship, Education, Skill Development, Startup Ecosystem, Youth Development and Knowledge Economy.
Consider the following statements regarding INS Mangrol, recently seen in the news:
1. It is an Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW-SWC)
2. It is the third Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft delivered to the Indian Navy under the indigenous programme.
1. It is an Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW-SWC)
2. It is the third Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft delivered to the Indian Navy under the indigenous programme.
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Answer: (C)
INS Mangrol is the third indigenous Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW-SWC) built by Cochin Shipyard Limited for the Indian Navy. It features over 80% indigenous content anCd is specialized for hunting submarines in coastal, shallow waters.
Key Features and Capabilities
● Primary Mission: Detect, track, and destroy enemy submarines in littoral and shallow zones.
● Secondary Roles: Underwater surveillance, low-intensity maritime operations (LIMO), search and rescue, and mine-laying.
● Propulsion: Waterjet propulsion systems designed for high maneuverability.
● Armament & Sensors: State-of-the-art shallow-water sonars, advanced radars, lightweight torpedoes, and indigenous anti-submarine rocket.
INS Mangrol is the third indigenous Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW-SWC) built by Cochin Shipyard Limited for the Indian Navy. It features over 80% indigenous content anCd is specialized for hunting submarines in coastal, shallow waters.
Key Features and Capabilities
● Primary Mission: Detect, track, and destroy enemy submarines in littoral and shallow zones.
● Secondary Roles: Underwater surveillance, low-intensity maritime operations (LIMO), search and rescue, and mine-laying.
● Propulsion: Waterjet propulsion systems designed for high maneuverability.
● Armament & Sensors: State-of-the-art shallow-water sonars, advanced radars, lightweight torpedoes, and indigenous anti-submarine rocket.
Consider the following statements with reference to Adjournment and Prorogation of Parliament:
1. Adjournment is ordered by the Presiding Officer of the House and suspends its sitting for a specified period.
2. Prorogation is formally done by the President under Article 85(2), on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers.
3. Both prorogation and adjournment bring the current session of Parliament to an end without dissolving the House.
1. Adjournment is ordered by the Presiding Officer of the House and suspends its sitting for a specified period.
2. Prorogation is formally done by the President under Article 85(2), on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers.
3. Both prorogation and adjournment bring the current session of Parliament to an end without dissolving the House.
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Answer: (B)
Adjournment is the suspension of the sitting of a House for a specified period. It is ordered by the Presiding Officer of the respective House—the Speaker in the Lok Sabha and the Chairman in the Rajya Sabha. It does not bring the session to an end. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.
Under Article 85(2), th’e President has the constitutional power to prorogue the Houses of Parliament. In practice, the President acts on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers. Prorogation formally brings a session of Parliament to an end. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.
Prorogation brings the current session to an end without dissolving the House. However, adjournment merely suspends a sitting and does not terminate the session. Therefore, both cannot be said to bring the current session to an end. Hence, Statement 3 is incorrect.
Therefore, Statements 1 and 2 are correct.
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.
Adjournment is the suspension of the sitting of a House for a specified period. It is ordered by the Presiding Officer of the respective House—the Speaker in the Lok Sabha and the Chairman in the Rajya Sabha. It does not bring the session to an end. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.
Under Article 85(2), th’e President has the constitutional power to prorogue the Houses of Parliament. In practice, the President acts on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers. Prorogation formally brings a session of Parliament to an end. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.
Prorogation brings the current session to an end without dissolving the House. However, adjournment merely suspends a sitting and does not terminate the session. Therefore, both cannot be said to bring the current session to an end. Hence, Statement 3 is incorrect.
Therefore, Statements 1 and 2 are correct.
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.
Consider the following description:
1. This is a biennial multinational air combat exercise hosted by the Royal Australian Air Force.
2. It is conducted over the vast and sparsely populated areas of northern Australia.
3. The exercise emphasises night operations, interoperability and combat readiness.
1. This is a biennial multinational air combat exercise hosted by the Royal Australian Air Force.
2. It is conducted over the vast and sparsely populated areas of northern Australia.
3. The exercise emphasises night operations, interoperability and combat readiness.
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Answer: (B)
● Exercise Pitch Black is a biennial multinational air combat exercise hosted by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF).
● It is conducted over the vast and sparsely populated areas of northern Australia, providing realistic conditions for large-scale air operations.
● The exercise focuses on air combat training, night operations, interoperability and combat readiness of participating air forces.
Why are the other options incorrect?
● Exercise Udara Shakti: A bilateral air exercise between India and Malaysia, aimed at enhancing air-combat cooperation and interoperability.
● Exercise Kakadu: An Australian-hosted multinational maritime exercise, primarily involving naval forces.
● Exercise Garuda: A bilateral air exercise between India and France, rather than a multinational exercise hosted by Australia.
● Exercise Pitch Black is a biennial multinational air combat exercise hosted by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF).
● It is conducted over the vast and sparsely populated areas of northern Australia, providing realistic conditions for large-scale air operations.
● The exercise focuses on air combat training, night operations, interoperability and combat readiness of participating air forces.
Why are the other options incorrect?
● Exercise Udara Shakti: A bilateral air exercise between India and Malaysia, aimed at enhancing air-combat cooperation and interoperability.
● Exercise Kakadu: An Australian-hosted multinational maritime exercise, primarily involving naval forces.
● Exercise Garuda: A bilateral air exercise between India and France, rather than a multinational exercise hosted by Australia.