Answer: C
Soln:
Project BHISHM:
● The Bharat Health Initiative for Sahyog Hita & Maitri (BHISHM), part of Project
Aarogya Maitri, is an innovative emergency medical aid program. At its core are compact,
portable "mini cubes" filled with essential medicines and equipment, designed for
rapid deployment in various emergencies. Hence, statements 1 and 2 are correct.
● The BHISHM system is highly modular and scalable. Thirty-six mini cubes combine to
form a mother cube, and two mother cubes create a full BHISHM Cube.
● Each complete cube can support medical care for up to 200 cases, including surgical
procedures.
● The system incorporates advanced technology, featuring inventory management via Radio-
frequency identification (RFID) and digital support in 180 languages.
● A standout feature of the BHISHM Cube is its rapid deployment capability. In mass
casualty incidents, the entire unit can be set up within 12 minutes, bridging the crucial gap
between primary and definitive care during the critical "golden hour" of emergencies.
● The cube comprises 72 easily transportable components, designed for versatile delivery
methods including hand-carry, bicycle, or even drone transport.
● The cubes are also built to withstand harsh conditions, being robust, waterproof, and
lightweight. Their flexible configuration allows deployment in diverse emergency
scenarios. The system can be quickly dispatched via airdrop or ground transportation,
ensuring swift response to crises anywhere.
Soln:
Project BHISHM:
● The Bharat Health Initiative for Sahyog Hita & Maitri (BHISHM), part of Project
Aarogya Maitri, is an innovative emergency medical aid program. At its core are compact,
portable "mini cubes" filled with essential medicines and equipment, designed for
rapid deployment in various emergencies. Hence, statements 1 and 2 are correct.
● The BHISHM system is highly modular and scalable. Thirty-six mini cubes combine to
form a mother cube, and two mother cubes create a full BHISHM Cube.
● Each complete cube can support medical care for up to 200 cases, including surgical
procedures.
● The system incorporates advanced technology, featuring inventory management via Radio-
frequency identification (RFID) and digital support in 180 languages.
● A standout feature of the BHISHM Cube is its rapid deployment capability. In mass
casualty incidents, the entire unit can be set up within 12 minutes, bridging the crucial gap
between primary and definitive care during the critical "golden hour" of emergencies.
● The cube comprises 72 easily transportable components, designed for versatile delivery
methods including hand-carry, bicycle, or even drone transport.
● The cubes are also built to withstand harsh conditions, being robust, waterproof, and
lightweight. Their flexible configuration allows deployment in diverse emergency
scenarios. The system can be quickly dispatched via airdrop or ground transportation,
ensuring swift response to crises anywhere.
2. Which of the following has/have been included under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that
Deplete the Ozone Layer?
1. Chlorofluorocarbons
2. Halons
3. Hydrofluorocarbons
Deplete the Ozone Layer?
1. Chlorofluorocarbons
2. Halons
3. Hydrofluorocarbons
Select the correct answer using the codes given below
Anonymous Quiz
27%
A. 1 and 2 only
15%
B. 1 only
4%
B. 1 only
54%
D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: D
Soln
● The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is an international
environmental treaty that regulates the production and consumption of nearly 100
man-made chemicals referred to as ozone depleting substances (ODS) including
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). Hence,
options 1 and 2 are correct.
● The stratospheric ozone layer protects humans and the environment from harmful
levels of ultraviolet radiation from the sun. The widespread use of ODS had caused a
hole in the Ozone layer of the atmosphere, which allowed some harmful radiation to reach
the earth. These radiations were considered potential health hazards.
● Adopted in 1987, the Montreal Protocol is the only UN treaty that has been ratified by
every country.
● Under this treaty, all parties have specific responsibilities related to the phase out of the
different groups of ODS, control of ODS trade, annual reporting of data, national licensing
systems to control ODS imports and exports, and other matters.
● Developing and developed countries have equal but differentiated responsibilities along
with binding, time-targeted and measurable commitments.
● The Montreal Protocol has been a far more effective and successful agreement than the
climate change instruments. It has already resulted in the phase-out of nearly 99% of
ozone-depleting substances.
About Hydrofluorocarbons
● Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are a group of industrial chemicals primarily used for cooling
and refrigeration.
● HFCs are powerful greenhouse gases and a substantial number are short-lived climate
pollutants with a lifetime of between 15 and 29 years in the atmosphere.
● HFCs are widespread in air conditioners, refrigerators, aerosols, foams and other
products.
● HFCs were introduced as non-ozone depleting alternatives to support the timely phase out
of CFCs and HCFCs under Montreal Protocol.
● While these chemicals do not deplete the stratospheric ozone layer, HFCs were found to be
extremely potent in causing global warming. Some of them have high Global Warming
Potentials (GWPs) ranging from 12 to 14,000.
● So, the HFCs solved one problem, but were contributing in a major way to another. But these
could not be eliminated under the original provisions of Montreal Protocol which was meant
to phase-out ozone-destroying chemicals only. The Kigali Amendment enabled the Montreal
Protocol to mandate the elimination of HFCs as well.
Kigali Agreement
● The Parties to the Montreal Protocol reached an agreement at their 28th Meeting of the
Parties in 2016 in Kigali, Rwanda. The Agreement particularly aims at phasing out the
production and consumption of Hydrofluorocarbons which were first introduced as a
substitute to ODSs namely CFCs and Hydrochlorofluorocarbons HCFCs. Hence, option 3 is
correct.
● Parties to the agreement agreed to curtail the use of HFC by at least 85 per cent before the
middle of this century. Countries have different timelines to do this. India has to achieve
this target by 2047 while the developed countries have to do it by 2036. China and some
other countries have a target of 2045.
● The agreement came into force on 1st January 2019 and has been ratified by more than 130
countries (including India) so far.
● Kigali Agreement legally binds the signatory countries with non-compliance measures.
Soln
● The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is an international
environmental treaty that regulates the production and consumption of nearly 100
man-made chemicals referred to as ozone depleting substances (ODS) including
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). Hence,
options 1 and 2 are correct.
● The stratospheric ozone layer protects humans and the environment from harmful
levels of ultraviolet radiation from the sun. The widespread use of ODS had caused a
hole in the Ozone layer of the atmosphere, which allowed some harmful radiation to reach
the earth. These radiations were considered potential health hazards.
● Adopted in 1987, the Montreal Protocol is the only UN treaty that has been ratified by
every country.
● Under this treaty, all parties have specific responsibilities related to the phase out of the
different groups of ODS, control of ODS trade, annual reporting of data, national licensing
systems to control ODS imports and exports, and other matters.
● Developing and developed countries have equal but differentiated responsibilities along
with binding, time-targeted and measurable commitments.
● The Montreal Protocol has been a far more effective and successful agreement than the
climate change instruments. It has already resulted in the phase-out of nearly 99% of
ozone-depleting substances.
About Hydrofluorocarbons
● Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are a group of industrial chemicals primarily used for cooling
and refrigeration.
● HFCs are powerful greenhouse gases and a substantial number are short-lived climate
pollutants with a lifetime of between 15 and 29 years in the atmosphere.
● HFCs are widespread in air conditioners, refrigerators, aerosols, foams and other
products.
● HFCs were introduced as non-ozone depleting alternatives to support the timely phase out
of CFCs and HCFCs under Montreal Protocol.
● While these chemicals do not deplete the stratospheric ozone layer, HFCs were found to be
extremely potent in causing global warming. Some of them have high Global Warming
Potentials (GWPs) ranging from 12 to 14,000.
● So, the HFCs solved one problem, but were contributing in a major way to another. But these
could not be eliminated under the original provisions of Montreal Protocol which was meant
to phase-out ozone-destroying chemicals only. The Kigali Amendment enabled the Montreal
Protocol to mandate the elimination of HFCs as well.
Kigali Agreement
● The Parties to the Montreal Protocol reached an agreement at their 28th Meeting of the
Parties in 2016 in Kigali, Rwanda. The Agreement particularly aims at phasing out the
production and consumption of Hydrofluorocarbons which were first introduced as a
substitute to ODSs namely CFCs and Hydrochlorofluorocarbons HCFCs. Hence, option 3 is
correct.
● Parties to the agreement agreed to curtail the use of HFC by at least 85 per cent before the
middle of this century. Countries have different timelines to do this. India has to achieve
this target by 2047 while the developed countries have to do it by 2036. China and some
other countries have a target of 2045.
● The agreement came into force on 1st January 2019 and has been ratified by more than 130
countries (including India) so far.
● Kigali Agreement legally binds the signatory countries with non-compliance measures.
3. With reference to the Agni class of missiles, consider the following statements.
1. Agni series was one of the components under the Integrated Guided Missile Development
Program.
2. The longest of the Agni series, Agni-V is an Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile with a range of
over 5,000 km.
3. All missiles of Agni series have a range of 2000 kms and above.
1. Agni series was one of the components under the Integrated Guided Missile Development
Program.
2. The longest of the Agni series, Agni-V is an Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile with a range of
over 5,000 km.
3. All missiles of Agni series have a range of 2000 kms and above.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Anonymous Quiz
69%
A. 1 and 2 only
9%
B. 2 and 3 only
9%
C. 1 and 3 only
13%
D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: A
Soln;
Agni Class of Missiles
● Agni class of missiles are the mainstay of India’s nuclear launch capability which also
includes the Prithvi short range ballistic missiles, submarine launched ballistic missiles and
fighter aircraft.
● The longest of the Agni series, Agni-V, an Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) with a
range of over 5,000 km. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
Evolution of Agni
● Agni I: Range of 700-800 km. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
● Agni II: Range more than 2000 km.
● Agni III: Range of more than 2,500 Km
● Agni IV: Range is more than 3,500 km and can fire from a road mobile launcher.
● Agni-V: The longest of the Agni series, an Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) with a
range of over 5,000 to 8000 km. An intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) is a missile with a
minimum range of 5,500 kilometres primarily designed for nuclear weapons delivery
IGMDP (Integrated Guided Missile Development Program)
● It was conceived by Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam to enable India attain self-sufficiency in the field of
missile technology.
● The 5 missiles developed under this program are:
○ Agni: Ballistic missiles with different ranges, i.e. Agni (1,2,3,4,5) Hence, statement 1
is correct.
○ Akash: Medium range surface to air missile.
○ Prithvi: Short range surface to surface ballistic missile.
○ Trishul: Short range low level surface to air missile.
○ Nag: 3rd generation anti-tank missile.
Soln;
Agni Class of Missiles
● Agni class of missiles are the mainstay of India’s nuclear launch capability which also
includes the Prithvi short range ballistic missiles, submarine launched ballistic missiles and
fighter aircraft.
● The longest of the Agni series, Agni-V, an Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) with a
range of over 5,000 km. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
Evolution of Agni
● Agni I: Range of 700-800 km. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.
● Agni II: Range more than 2000 km.
● Agni III: Range of more than 2,500 Km
● Agni IV: Range is more than 3,500 km and can fire from a road mobile launcher.
● Agni-V: The longest of the Agni series, an Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) with a
range of over 5,000 to 8000 km. An intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) is a missile with a
minimum range of 5,500 kilometres primarily designed for nuclear weapons delivery
IGMDP (Integrated Guided Missile Development Program)
● It was conceived by Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam to enable India attain self-sufficiency in the field of
missile technology.
● The 5 missiles developed under this program are:
○ Agni: Ballistic missiles with different ranges, i.e. Agni (1,2,3,4,5) Hence, statement 1
is correct.
○ Akash: Medium range surface to air missile.
○ Prithvi: Short range surface to surface ballistic missile.
○ Trishul: Short range low level surface to air missile.
○ Nag: 3rd generation anti-tank missile.
4. The terms ‘neutral’, ‘calibrated tightening’, accommodative ; sometimes seen in the news are
related to
related to
choose the best answer
Anonymous Quiz
9%
A. Fiscal policy
72%
B. Monetary policy
13%
C. External trade
6%
D. Inflation
Answer: B
Soln:
● These terms indicate the Central Bank’s monetary policy stance on deciding policy rates
like repo rate.
● “Accommodative” indicates that the central bank is telling the market to expect a rate cut
anytime, “neutral” means that RBI could either increase or reduce repo rates as per
liquidity conditions, “calibrated tightening” means that a cut in the repo rate is unlikely in
the current rate cycle.
Soln:
● These terms indicate the Central Bank’s monetary policy stance on deciding policy rates
like repo rate.
● “Accommodative” indicates that the central bank is telling the market to expect a rate cut
anytime, “neutral” means that RBI could either increase or reduce repo rates as per
liquidity conditions, “calibrated tightening” means that a cut in the repo rate is unlikely in
the current rate cycle.
5. Consider the following statements about Nipah infection
1. It is a zoonotic disease.
2. Fruit bats are considered the natural reservoirs of the Nipah virus.
3. There are currently no drugs or vaccines specific for Nipah virus infection.
1. It is a zoonotic disease.
2. Fruit bats are considered the natural reservoirs of the Nipah virus.
3. There are currently no drugs or vaccines specific for Nipah virus infection.
How many of the statements given above is/are correct?
Anonymous Quiz
7%
A. Only one
34%
B. Only two
57%
C. All three
2%
D. None
1. Consider the following statements.
Statement I:
Tidal bores are positive surges.
Statement II:
A tidal bore is a strong tide that pushes up the river, against the current.
Statement I:
Tidal bores are positive surges.
Statement II:
A tidal bore is a strong tide that pushes up the river, against the current.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
Anonymous Quiz
49%
A. Both Statement-I and Statement-II are cor and Statement-II is the corr explanation of Statement-I
29%
B. Both Statement-I and Statement-II are cor and Statement-II is not the cor explan of Statement-I
10%
C. Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
12%
D. Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct
Soln:
● A tidal bore occurs along a coast where a river empties into an ocean or sea.
● A tidal bore is a strong tide that pushes up the river, against the current. A tidal bore is a
true tidal wave. Hence, statement II is correct but it does not explain statement I.
● A tidal bore is a surge. A surge is a sudden change in depth. When a channel suddenly gets
deeper, it experiences a positive surge.
● When a channel suddenly gets shallower, it experiences a negative surge. Tidal bores are
positive surges.Hence, statement I is correct.
● Not all coasts feature tidal bores. In fact, there are few places where tidal bores occur. The
river must be fairly shallow.
● It must have a narrow outlet to the sea. However, the estuary, or place where the river
meets the sea, must be wide and flat.
● The coast’s tidal range—the area between high tide and low tide—must be quite large,
usually at least six meters (about 20 feet). When all of these conditions are met, a tidal bore
is formed.
● There are exceptions. The Amazon River is the largest river in the world. It empties into
the Atlantic Ocean.
● The mouth of the Amazon is not narrow, but the river still has a strong tidal bore. A tidal
bore develops here because the mouth of the river is shallow and dotted by many low-lying
islands and sandbars.
● The tidal bore, called the pororoca, is so strong that the Amazon does not have a delta.
Its sediment is emptied directly into the Atlantic and carried away by fast-moving currents.
● A tidal bore occurs along a coast where a river empties into an ocean or sea.
● A tidal bore is a strong tide that pushes up the river, against the current. A tidal bore is a
true tidal wave. Hence, statement II is correct but it does not explain statement I.
● A tidal bore is a surge. A surge is a sudden change in depth. When a channel suddenly gets
deeper, it experiences a positive surge.
● When a channel suddenly gets shallower, it experiences a negative surge. Tidal bores are
positive surges.Hence, statement I is correct.
● Not all coasts feature tidal bores. In fact, there are few places where tidal bores occur. The
river must be fairly shallow.
● It must have a narrow outlet to the sea. However, the estuary, or place where the river
meets the sea, must be wide and flat.
● The coast’s tidal range—the area between high tide and low tide—must be quite large,
usually at least six meters (about 20 feet). When all of these conditions are met, a tidal bore
is formed.
● There are exceptions. The Amazon River is the largest river in the world. It empties into
the Atlantic Ocean.
● The mouth of the Amazon is not narrow, but the river still has a strong tidal bore. A tidal
bore develops here because the mouth of the river is shallow and dotted by many low-lying
islands and sandbars.
● The tidal bore, called the pororoca, is so strong that the Amazon does not have a delta.
Its sediment is emptied directly into the Atlantic and carried away by fast-moving currents.
2. Tall and uniquely shaped Baobab trees are found in many states of India. In which of the
following states, one can find these trees?
1. Telangana
2. Andhra Pradesh
3. Maharashtra
4. Gujarat
5. Uttar Pradesh
following states, one can find these trees?
1. Telangana
2. Andhra Pradesh
3. Maharashtra
4. Gujarat
5. Uttar Pradesh
Choose the correct answer from the codes given below.
Anonymous Quiz
16%
A. 1, 2 and 3 only
16%
B. 2, 3, 4 and 5 only
22%
C. 1, 2, 3 and 4 only
46%
D. All the above.
New Initiative for Aspirants!
CSAT PYQs – Time to put your skills to the test!
No Google help (we’re watching! 👀).
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Let’s see who’s got the sharpest mind in the game!
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CSAT PYQs – Time to put your skills to the test!
No Google help (we’re watching! 👀).
Got the answer? Drop it in the comments below!
Let’s see who’s got the sharpest mind in the game!
#CSATChallenge #UPSCAspirants #CSATPYQ #UPSCPreparation #CivilServicesExam #UPSC2025 #BrainTeasers #NoGoogleChallenge #UPSCMotivation #OfficersIASAcademy #CSATQuiz #UPSCJourney #CompetitiveExams #MindGames #CrackCSAT #upscexamprep
Answer: D
Soln:
Baobab Trees:
● Baobab trees are tall and uniquely-shaped deciduous trees.
● The trees belong to the genus Adansonia, which comprises eight distinct species (most of
them are endemic to Madagascar).
● Also known as the “mother of the forest”, Baobabs are known for their great heights, with
some extending up to 50 metres.
● These trees have exceptionally long lifespans going upto 2,000 years.
Distribution in India:
● Mandu, in Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh is the only place in India where baobab trees
are found in abundance.
● Aside from Mandu, baobab trees have been recorded in some places of Uttar Pradesh,
Maharashtra,Telangana, Karnataka,Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh. Hence,
all options are correct.
Soln:
Baobab Trees:
● Baobab trees are tall and uniquely-shaped deciduous trees.
● The trees belong to the genus Adansonia, which comprises eight distinct species (most of
them are endemic to Madagascar).
● Also known as the “mother of the forest”, Baobabs are known for their great heights, with
some extending up to 50 metres.
● These trees have exceptionally long lifespans going upto 2,000 years.
Distribution in India:
● Mandu, in Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh is the only place in India where baobab trees
are found in abundance.
● Aside from Mandu, baobab trees have been recorded in some places of Uttar Pradesh,
Maharashtra,Telangana, Karnataka,Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh. Hence,
all options are correct.
3. Consider the following statements.
1. Non-tariff measures (NTMs) are policy measures other than ordinary customs tariffs that
can have an economic effect on international trade in goods.
2. At the international level, NTMs are governed by the recently concluded Agreement on
Agriculture.
1. Non-tariff measures (NTMs) are policy measures other than ordinary customs tariffs that
can have an economic effect on international trade in goods.
2. At the international level, NTMs are governed by the recently concluded Agreement on
Agriculture.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
Anonymous Quiz
54%
A. 1 only
10%
B. 2 only
31%
C. Both 1 and 2
4%
D. Neither 1 nor 2