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Zionism in the Age of the Dictators ( PDFDrive ).pdf
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Western European, largely secularized Jews in the nineteenth century looked at the Ostjuden  as โ€œunculturedโ€ and wed to superstitious religious practices that stifled their economic success. One can find even harsher language referring to these Ostjuden as lazy, slothful, and uncouth (look at the stereotype of Tevya the Milkman created by the โ€œculturedโ€ Shalom Aleichem who chose to live in Moscow and speak only Russian to his family). The language of the Ostjuden, Yiddish, was considered uncultured, base, and ugly. The negative rhetoric against the Ostjuden was resisted by Martin Buber and other Jewish romantics in the early twentieth century but the view of the Ostjuden as โ€œOrientalsโ€ (read: Arabs) remained.