Assertion (A): Learning is strongly based on the intellectual level, cognitive ability, perception, personality and attitude of a learner.
Reason (R): Learning can be depicted as the way towards securing new or altering existing information, expertise esteems, conduct and inclinations.
A.Both Assertion (A) and reason (R) are correct. B.Both Assertion (A) and reason (R) are incorrect. C.Assertion is correct and reason is incorrect. D.Assertion is incorrect and reason is correct.

From the following list of statements, select those which indicate the characteristics and basic requirements of teaching.
i. Teaching implies communication.
ii. Teaching is like selling goods.
iii. Teaching means managing and monitoring.
iv. Teaching implies influencing others.
v. Teaching requires convincing others.
vi. There can be no teaching without infrastructural support.
Choose the correct answer from the code given below:
A(i), (iii) and (iv) B(i), (ii) and (iii) C(iv), (v) and (vi) D(ii), (v) and (vi)

Arrange the following steps of teaching in a logical order.
(i) Diagnosis of the learner
(ii) Fixing goals and content
(iii) Actions and Reactions
(iv) Feedback to teaching
(v) Decision about the strategy
(vi) Appropriate testing devices
Code:
A(iii)-(i)-(iv)-(ii)-(v)-(vi) B(ii)-(v)-(i)-(iii)-(vi)-(iv) C(ii)-(i)-(v)-(vi)-(iv)-(iii) D(i)-(v)-(vi)-(ii)-(iii)-(iv)

🔘 FUNCTIONS OF NUTRIENTS 🔘

✅• C, H and O are the elements that provide basic structure to the plant.

✅• N, S and P are useful in energy storage, transfer and bonding.

✅• N, S and P are accessory structural elements which are more active and vital for living tissues.

✅• K, Ca and Mg are necessary for charge balance. They act as regulators and carriers.

✅• Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, Mo and Cl are involved in enzyme activation and electron transport. They act as catalysers and activators.

✅• Basic nutrients C, H and O are constituents of carbohydrates and several biochemical compounds.

✅• Nitrogen is a constituent of proteins, enzymes, hormones,
vitamins, alkaloids, chlorophyll etc.

✅• Phosphorus is a constituent of sugar phosphates, nucleotides, nucleic acids, coenzymes and phospholipids.

✅• Process of anabolism and catabolism of carbohydrates proceed when organic compounds are esterised with phosphoric acid.

✅• Potassium is not a constituent of any organic compound.

✅• Potassium is required as a cofactor for 40 or more enzymes.

✅• Potassium controls movement of stomata and maintains electroneutrality of plant cells.

✅• Sulphur is a constituent of several aminoacids and fatty acids.

✅• Calcium is a constituent of cell wall as calcium pectate.

✅• Calcium is required as a cofactor in hydrolysis of ATP and phospholipids.

✅• Magnesium is a constituent of chlorophyll.

✅• Magnesium is required in several enzymes involved in phosphate transfer.

✅• Iron is a constituent of various enzymes like cytochrome,
catalase and plays the part of a vital catalyst in the plant.

✅• Iron is a key element in various redox reactions of respiration, photosynthesis and reduction of nitrates and sulphates.


✅• Manganese is a constituent of several cation activated enzymes like decarboxylases, kinases, oxidases etc.

✅• Manganese is essential for the formation of chlorophyll,
reduction of nitrates and for respiration.

✅• Copper and Zinc are involved in cation activated enzymes.

✅• Boron helps in carbohydrate transport.

✅• Boron is necessary for the germination of pollen, formation of flowers and fruits and for the absorption of cations.

✅• Molybdenum is required for the assimilation of nitrates as well as for the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen.

✅• Chlorine is involved in reaction relating to oxygen evolution.

✅• Co, Se are the elements that need to be applied to forage crops from the viewpoint of animal nutrition.

✅• Cobalt is essential for the synthesis of vitamin B12.**

🔘Important Horticultural institute 🔘

🔸Central Institute forr Subtropical Horticulture- Lucknow

🔸Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture- Srinagar

🔸Central Tuber Crops Research Institute- Thiruvananthapuram

🔸Central Plantation Crops Research Institute- Kassargod

🔸Central Potato Research Institute- Kufri

🔸Indian Institute of Horticultural Research- Bangalore

🔸Indian Institute of Spices Research- Calicut

🔸Central Institute for Arid Horticulture- Bikaner

🔸Central Research Institute for Chikoo- Muzaffarpur

🔸National Research Center for Banana- Tiruchirapalli

🔸National Research Center for Cashew- Puttur

🔸National Research Center for Citrus- Nagpur

🔸National Research Center for Grapes- Pune

🔸Directorate of Mushroom Research- Solon

🔸National Research Center for Medicinal & Aromatic Plants- Anand

🔸National Research Center for Onion & Garlic- Nasik

🔸National Research Center for Orchids- Gangtok

🔸National Research Center for Seed Spices- Ajmer

🔸Indian Institute of Vegetable Research- Varanasi

@Agriculture_University_Faculty