@@@@@Read the following passage and answer the questions 11 to 15:

( 2005 - December)

Knowledge creation in many cases requires creativity and idea generation.
This is especially important in generating alternative decision support
solutions. Some people believe that an individual’s creative ability stems
pr
imarily from personality traits such as inventiveness, independence,
individuality, enthusiasm, and flexibility. I lowever, several studies have found
that creativity is not so much a function of individual traits as was once
be
lieved, and that individual creativity can be learned and improved. This
understanding has led innovative companies to recognise that the key to
fostering creativity may be the development of an idea-nurturing work
environment. Idea-generation methods and techniques, to be used by
individuals or in groups, are consequently being developed. Manual methods
for supporting idea generation, such as brainstorming in a group, can be very
successful in certain situations. However, in other situations, such an approach
is either not economically feasible or not possible. For example, manual
methods in group creativity sessions will not work or will not be effective
when (1) there is no time to conduct a proper idea-generation session; (2) there
is a poor facilitator (or no facilitator at all); (3) it is too expensive to conduct
an idea-generation session; (4) the subject matter is too sensitive for a face-to-
face session; or (5) there are not enough participants, the mix of participants is
not optimal, or there is no climate for idea generation. In such cases,
computerised idea-generation methods have been tried, with frequent success.
Idea-generation software is designed to help stimulate a single user or a group
to produce new ideas, options and choices. The user does all the work, but the
software encourages and pushes, something like a personal trainer. Although
idea-generation software is still relatively new, there are several packages on
the market. Various approaches are used by idea-generating software to
increase the flow of ideas to the user. Idea Fisher, for example, has an
associate lexicon of the English language that cross-references words and
ph
rases. These associative links, based on analogies and metaphors, make it
easy for the user to be fed words related to a given theme. Some software
pa
ckages use questions to prompt the user towards new, unexplored patterns of
thought. This helps users to break out of cyclical thinking patterns, conquer
mental blocks, or deal with bouts of procrastination.

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘃𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗼𝗻 𝗕𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗗𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗶𝘁𝘆 (𝗖𝗕𝗗), 𝗸𝗻𝗼𝘄𝗻 𝗶𝗻𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗺𝗮𝗹𝗹𝘆 𝗮𝘀 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗕𝗶𝗼𝗱𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘃𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻, 𝗶𝘀 𝗮 𝗺𝘂𝗹𝘁𝗶𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝘁𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁𝘆. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘃𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗵𝗮𝘀 𝘁𝗵𝗿𝗲𝗲 𝗺𝗮𝗶𝗻 𝗴𝗼𝗮𝗹𝘀: 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗼𝗳 𝗯𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗱𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗶𝘁𝘆 (𝗼𝗿 𝗯𝗶𝗼𝗱𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗶𝘁𝘆); 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘀𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝘂𝘀𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗶𝘁𝘀 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗼𝗻𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀; 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗳𝗮𝗶𝗿 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗲𝗾𝘂𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝘀𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗼𝗳 𝗯𝗲𝗻𝗲𝗳𝗶𝘁𝘀 𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗳𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗲𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗼𝘂𝗿𝗰𝗲𝘀. 𝗜𝘁𝘀 𝗼𝗯𝗷𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗶𝘀 𝘁𝗼 𝗱𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗹𝗼𝗽 𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝘀𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗴𝗶𝗲𝘀 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘀𝗲𝗿𝘃𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘀𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝘂𝘀𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝗯𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗱𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗶𝘁𝘆, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗶𝘁 𝗶𝘀 𝗼𝗳𝘁𝗲𝗻 𝘀𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗮𝘀 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗸𝗲𝘆 𝗱𝗼𝗰𝘂𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗿𝗲𝗴𝗮𝗿𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘀𝘂𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗶𝗻𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝗱𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗹𝗼𝗽𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁.

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘃𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝗼𝗽𝗲𝗻𝗲𝗱 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝘀𝗶𝗴𝗻𝗮𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗲 𝗮𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗘𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗵 𝗦𝘂𝗺𝗺𝗶𝘁 𝗶𝗻 𝗥𝗶𝗼 𝗱𝗲 𝗝𝗮𝗻𝗲𝗶𝗿𝗼 𝗼𝗻 𝟱 𝗝𝘂𝗻𝗲 𝟭𝟵𝟵𝟮 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗱 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗼 𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗰𝗲 𝗼𝗻 𝟮𝟵 𝗗𝗲𝗰𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟭𝟵𝟵𝟯. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗨𝗻𝗶𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗦𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗲𝘀 𝗶𝘀 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗼𝗻𝗹𝘆 𝗨𝗡 𝗺𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝘀𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝘄𝗵𝗶𝗰𝗵 𝗵𝗮𝘀 𝗻𝗼𝘁 𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗳𝗶𝗲𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘃𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻. 𝗜𝘁 𝗵𝗮𝘀 𝘁𝘄𝗼 𝘀𝘂𝗽𝗽𝗹𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗮𝗴𝗿𝗲𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀, 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗮𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗮 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝘁𝗼𝗰𝗼𝗹 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗡𝗮𝗴𝗼𝘆𝗮 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝘁𝗼𝗰𝗼𝗹.

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗮𝗿𝘁𝗮𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗮 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝘁𝗼𝗰𝗼𝗹 𝗼𝗻 𝗕𝗶𝗼𝘀𝗮𝗳𝗲𝘁𝘆 𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘃𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗼𝗻 𝗕𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗗𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗶𝘀 𝗮𝗻 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝘁𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁𝘆 𝗴𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗺𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗹𝗶𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗺𝗼𝗱𝗶𝗳𝗶𝗲𝗱 𝗼𝗿𝗴𝗮𝗻𝗶𝘀𝗺𝘀 (𝗟𝗠𝗢𝘀) 𝗿𝗲𝘀𝘂𝗹𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗳𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗺𝗼𝗱𝗲𝗿𝗻 𝗯𝗶𝗼𝘁𝗲𝗰𝗵𝗻𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝘆 𝗳𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝗼𝗻𝗲 𝗰𝗼𝘂𝗻𝘁𝗿𝘆 𝘁𝗼 𝗮𝗻𝗼𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿. 𝗜𝘁 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝗮𝗱𝗼𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗼𝗻 𝟮𝟵 𝗝𝗮𝗻𝘂𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝟮𝟬𝟬𝟬 𝗮𝘀 𝗮 𝘀𝘂𝗽𝗽𝗹𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗮𝗴𝗿𝗲𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗕𝗗 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗱 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗼 𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗰𝗲 𝗼𝗻 𝟭𝟭 𝗦𝗲𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟮𝟬𝟬𝟯.

𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗡𝗮𝗴𝗼𝘆𝗮 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝘁𝗼𝗰𝗼𝗹 𝗼𝗻 𝗔𝗰𝗰𝗲𝘀𝘀 𝘁𝗼 𝗚𝗲𝗻𝗲𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗥𝗲𝘀𝗼𝘂𝗿𝗰𝗲𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗙𝗮𝗶𝗿 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗘𝗾𝘂𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝗦𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗼𝗳 𝗕𝗲𝗻𝗲𝗳𝗶𝘁𝘀 𝗔𝗿𝗶𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗳𝗿𝗼𝗺 𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗶𝗿 𝗨𝘁𝗶𝗹𝗶𝘇𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 (𝗔𝗕𝗦) 𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝘃𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗼𝗻 𝗕𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗗𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗶𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗼𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝘀𝘂𝗽𝗽𝗹𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗿𝘆 𝗮𝗴𝗿𝗲𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗕𝗗. 𝗜𝘁 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝘃𝗶𝗱𝗲𝘀 𝗮 𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘀𝗽𝗮𝗿𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗹𝗲𝗴𝗮𝗹 𝗳𝗿𝗮𝗺𝗲𝘄𝗼𝗿𝗸 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗲𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗶𝗺𝗽𝗹𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗼𝗳 𝗼𝗻𝗲 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗿𝗲𝗲 𝗼𝗯𝗷𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗕𝗗: 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗳𝗮𝗶𝗿 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗲𝗾𝘂𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝘀𝗵𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗼𝗳 𝗯𝗲𝗻𝗲𝗳𝗶𝘁𝘀 𝗮𝗿𝗶𝘀𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗼𝘂𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘂𝘁𝗶𝗹𝗶𝘇𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗼𝗳 𝗴𝗲𝗻𝗲𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗼𝘂𝗿𝗰𝗲𝘀. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗡𝗮𝗴𝗼𝘆𝗮 𝗣𝗿𝗼𝘁𝗼𝗰𝗼𝗹 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝗮𝗱𝗼𝗽𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗼𝗻 𝟮𝟵 𝗢𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟮𝟬𝟭𝟬 𝗶𝗻 𝗡𝗮𝗴𝗼𝘆𝗮, 𝗝𝗮𝗽𝗮𝗻, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗱 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗼 𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗰𝗲 𝗼𝗻 𝟭𝟮 𝗢𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟮𝟬𝟭𝟰.

𝟮𝟬𝟭𝟬 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝗮𝗹𝘀𝗼 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗬𝗲𝗮𝗿 𝗼𝗳 𝗕𝗶𝗼𝗱𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗶𝘁𝘆, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝗲𝗰𝗿𝗲𝘁𝗮𝗿𝗶𝗮𝘁 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗖𝗕𝗗 𝘄𝗮𝘀 𝗶𝘁𝘀 𝗳𝗼𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗽𝗼𝗶𝗻𝘁. 𝗙𝗼𝗹𝗹𝗼𝘄𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗮 𝗿𝗲𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗺𝗲𝗻𝗱𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗼𝗳 𝗖𝗕𝗗 𝘀𝗶𝗴𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗼𝗿𝗶𝗲𝘀 𝗮𝘁 𝗡𝗮𝗴𝗼𝘆𝗮, 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗨𝗡 𝗱𝗲𝗰𝗹𝗮𝗿𝗲𝗱 𝟮𝟬𝟭𝟭 𝘁𝗼 𝟮𝟬𝟮𝟬 𝗮𝘀 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗨𝗻𝗶𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗡𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀 𝗗𝗲𝗰𝗮𝗱𝗲 𝗼𝗻 𝗕𝗶𝗼𝗱𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗶𝗻 𝗗𝗲𝗰𝗲𝗺𝗯𝗲𝗿 𝟮𝟬𝟭𝟬. 𝗧𝗵𝗲 𝗰𝗼𝗻𝘃𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻'𝘀 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗴𝗶𝗰 𝗣𝗹𝗮𝗻 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗕𝗶𝗼𝗱𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝟮𝟬𝟭𝟭-𝟮𝟬𝟮𝟬, 𝗰𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗱 𝗶𝗻 𝟮𝟬𝟭𝟬, 𝗶𝗻𝗰𝗹𝘂𝗱𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗔𝗶𝗰𝗵𝗶 𝗕𝗶𝗼𝗱𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗧𝗮𝗿𝗴𝗲𝘁𝘀.
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