Hey Everyone,
To those who can't make out this Year.
I know it's really tough to go through the drastic scenario whichever you're going through right now.
Don't worry it's obvious that Ppls gonna troll you , gonna make fun of you.
Make sure you take everything seriously this time,to fuel up your ego of winning.
It's not like ki Winning and Winning that's it.
Now feel what failure looks like.
Feel the pain being a Dropper,
Don't worry it's not a very big trauma but actually it's also.
Despite these all,
Ek Promise kar sakte hoo khudse Pls ?
Take it as of Last Chance and Saare taano ka gussa ya kehlo reply we would have to give now,
Thik hai ?? nahi bhi hai toh bithalo apne andar ki Mai ab Nahi harunga aur nahi sun Sakta,
Meko yeh karna hii padega.
NEET is game of Time Management & Elimination,
I would have to survive,
Waiting for Next Year Toppers from among you all only.
And For all those who made it,
Congrats and Enjoy , at the same time don't pinch up the one who wasn't able to crack it due to any reason.
And Joh tum nahi kar paye woh bhi suno,
Koi nahi Self-analysis Karo aur Phod do.
To those who can't make out this Year.
I know it's really tough to go through the drastic scenario whichever you're going through right now.
Don't worry it's obvious that Ppls gonna troll you , gonna make fun of you.
Make sure you take everything seriously this time,to fuel up your ego of winning.
It's not like ki Winning and Winning that's it.
Now feel what failure looks like.
Feel the pain being a Dropper,
Don't worry it's not a very big trauma but actually it's also.
Despite these all,
Ek Promise kar sakte hoo khudse Pls ?
Take it as of Last Chance and Saare taano ka gussa ya kehlo reply we would have to give now,
Thik hai ?? nahi bhi hai toh bithalo apne andar ki Mai ab Nahi harunga aur nahi sun Sakta,
Meko yeh karna hii padega.
NEET is game of Time Management & Elimination,
I would have to survive,
Waiting for Next Year Toppers from among you all only.
And For all those who made it,
Congrats and Enjoy , at the same time don't pinch up the one who wasn't able to crack it due to any reason.
And Joh tum nahi kar paye woh bhi suno,
Koi nahi Self-analysis Karo aur Phod do.
👍14❤5👌1
✅Application of Electromagnetism in Physics (including the Faraday’s Law)
Faraday’s Law is a fundamental law of electromagnetism. This law has widespread applications in various fields including industries, electrical machines etc. some of the major ones are listed below:
🧿 Electrical Transformers
This is a static device which is used for increasing or decreasing thhe voltage or current. It has its applications in generating station, transmission and distribution system. The transformer works on Faraday's law.
🧿 Electrical Generators
The basic working principle of electrical generator is Faraday's law of mutual induction .Electric generator is used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.
🧿 Induction Cookers
The Induction cooker also works on principle of mutual induction. When current flows through the coil of copper wire placed below a cooking container, it produces a changing magnetic field. This alternating or changing magnetic field induces an emf and hence the current in the conductive container.
🧿 Electromagnetic Flow Meters
It is used to measure velocity of blood and certain fluids. When a magnetic field is applied to electrically insulating pipe in which conducting fluids are flowing then according to Faraday's law an electromotive force is induced in it. This induced emf is proportional to velocity of fluid flowing.
🧿 Musical Instruments
It is also used in musical instruments like electric guitar, electric violin etc.
Faraday’s Law is a fundamental law of electromagnetism. This law has widespread applications in various fields including industries, electrical machines etc. some of the major ones are listed below:
🧿 Electrical Transformers
This is a static device which is used for increasing or decreasing thhe voltage or current. It has its applications in generating station, transmission and distribution system. The transformer works on Faraday's law.
🧿 Electrical Generators
The basic working principle of electrical generator is Faraday's law of mutual induction .Electric generator is used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.
🧿 Induction Cookers
The Induction cooker also works on principle of mutual induction. When current flows through the coil of copper wire placed below a cooking container, it produces a changing magnetic field. This alternating or changing magnetic field induces an emf and hence the current in the conductive container.
🧿 Electromagnetic Flow Meters
It is used to measure velocity of blood and certain fluids. When a magnetic field is applied to electrically insulating pipe in which conducting fluids are flowing then according to Faraday's law an electromotive force is induced in it. This induced emf is proportional to velocity of fluid flowing.
🧿 Musical Instruments
It is also used in musical instruments like electric guitar, electric violin etc.
👍12❤5
🛑Major Role of Nutrients
Various elements perform the following major role in the plants:
(1) Construction of the plant body: The elements particularly C, H and O construct the plant body by entering into the constitution of cell wall and protoplasm. They are, therefore, referred to as frame work elements. Besides, these (C, H and O) N, P and S also enter in the constitution of protoplasm. They are described as protoplasmic elements.
(2) Maintenance of osmotic pressure: Various minerals present in the cell sap in organic or inorganic form maintain the osmotic pressure of the cell.
(3) Maintenance of permeability of cytomembranes: The minerals, particularly Ca++, K+ and Na+ maintain the permeability of cytomembranes.
(4) Influence the pH of the cell sap: Different cations and anions influence on the pH of the cell sap.
(5) Catalysis of biochemical reaction: Several elements particularly Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cl act as metallic catalyst in biochemical reactions.
(6) Toxic effects: Minerals like Cu, As, etc. impart toxic effect on the protoplasm under specific conditions.
(7) Balancing function: Some minerals or their salts act against the harmful effect of the other nutrients, thus balancing each other.
🔔Specific Role of Macronutrients
The role of different elements is described below:
(1) Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen: These three elements though cannot be categorized as mineral elements, are indispensible for plant growth. These are also called 'framework elements'.
(2) Nitrogen: Nitrogen is an essential constituent of proteins, nucleic acids, vitamins and many other organic molecules as chlorophyll. Nitrogen is also present in various hormones, coenzymes and ATP etc.
(i) Deficiency symptoms: The symptoms of nitrogen deficiency are as follows:
(a) Impaired growth
(b) Yellowing of leaves due to loss of chlorophyll, i.e., chlorosis.
(c) Development of anthocyanin pigmentation in veins, sometimes in petioles and stems.
(d) Delayed or complete suppression of flowering and fruiting.
(3) Phosphorus: Phosphorous is present abundantly in the growing and storage organs such as fruits and seeds. It promotes healthy root growth and fruit ripening by helping translocation of carbohydrates.
(i) Deficiency symptoms
(a) Leaves become dark green or purplish.
(b) Sometimes development of anthocyanin pigmentation occurs in veins which may become necrotic (Necrosis is defined as localised death of cells).
(c) Premature fall of leaves.
(4) Sulphur
Functions: Sulphur is a constituent of amino-acids like cystine, cysteine and methionine; vitamins like biotin and thiamine, and coenzyme A.
Deficiency symptoms
a) Leaf tips and margins roll downwards and inwards e.g., tobacco, tea and tomato.
b) Premature leaf fall.
c) Delayed flowering and fruiting.
(5) Potassium
Functions
(a) It differs from all other macronutrients in not being a constituent of any metabolically important compound.
(b) It is the only monovalent cation essential for the plants.
(c) It acts as an activator of several enzymes including DNA polymerase.
Deficiency symptoms
(a) Mottled chlorosis followed by the development of necrotic areas at the tips and margins of the leaves.
(b) K+ deficiency inhibits proteins synthesis and photosynthesis. At the same time, it increases the rate of respiration.
(c) The internodes become shorter and root system is adversely affected.
(6) Calcium
Functions
(a) It is necessary for formation of middle lamella of plants where it occurs as calcium pectate.
(b) It is necessary for the growth of apical meristem and root hair formation.
(c) It acts as activator of several enzymes, e.g., ATPase, succinic dehydrogenase, adenylate kinase, etc.
Deficiency symptoms
(a) Ultimate death of meristems which are found in shoot, leaf and root tips.
(b) Chlorosis along the margins of young leaves, later on they become necrotic.
(c) Distortion in leaf shape.
Various elements perform the following major role in the plants:
(1) Construction of the plant body: The elements particularly C, H and O construct the plant body by entering into the constitution of cell wall and protoplasm. They are, therefore, referred to as frame work elements. Besides, these (C, H and O) N, P and S also enter in the constitution of protoplasm. They are described as protoplasmic elements.
(2) Maintenance of osmotic pressure: Various minerals present in the cell sap in organic or inorganic form maintain the osmotic pressure of the cell.
(3) Maintenance of permeability of cytomembranes: The minerals, particularly Ca++, K+ and Na+ maintain the permeability of cytomembranes.
(4) Influence the pH of the cell sap: Different cations and anions influence on the pH of the cell sap.
(5) Catalysis of biochemical reaction: Several elements particularly Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cl act as metallic catalyst in biochemical reactions.
(6) Toxic effects: Minerals like Cu, As, etc. impart toxic effect on the protoplasm under specific conditions.
(7) Balancing function: Some minerals or their salts act against the harmful effect of the other nutrients, thus balancing each other.
🔔Specific Role of Macronutrients
The role of different elements is described below:
(1) Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen: These three elements though cannot be categorized as mineral elements, are indispensible for plant growth. These are also called 'framework elements'.
(2) Nitrogen: Nitrogen is an essential constituent of proteins, nucleic acids, vitamins and many other organic molecules as chlorophyll. Nitrogen is also present in various hormones, coenzymes and ATP etc.
(i) Deficiency symptoms: The symptoms of nitrogen deficiency are as follows:
(a) Impaired growth
(b) Yellowing of leaves due to loss of chlorophyll, i.e., chlorosis.
(c) Development of anthocyanin pigmentation in veins, sometimes in petioles and stems.
(d) Delayed or complete suppression of flowering and fruiting.
(3) Phosphorus: Phosphorous is present abundantly in the growing and storage organs such as fruits and seeds. It promotes healthy root growth and fruit ripening by helping translocation of carbohydrates.
(i) Deficiency symptoms
(a) Leaves become dark green or purplish.
(b) Sometimes development of anthocyanin pigmentation occurs in veins which may become necrotic (Necrosis is defined as localised death of cells).
(c) Premature fall of leaves.
(4) Sulphur
Functions: Sulphur is a constituent of amino-acids like cystine, cysteine and methionine; vitamins like biotin and thiamine, and coenzyme A.
Deficiency symptoms
a) Leaf tips and margins roll downwards and inwards e.g., tobacco, tea and tomato.
b) Premature leaf fall.
c) Delayed flowering and fruiting.
(5) Potassium
Functions
(a) It differs from all other macronutrients in not being a constituent of any metabolically important compound.
(b) It is the only monovalent cation essential for the plants.
(c) It acts as an activator of several enzymes including DNA polymerase.
Deficiency symptoms
(a) Mottled chlorosis followed by the development of necrotic areas at the tips and margins of the leaves.
(b) K+ deficiency inhibits proteins synthesis and photosynthesis. At the same time, it increases the rate of respiration.
(c) The internodes become shorter and root system is adversely affected.
(6) Calcium
Functions
(a) It is necessary for formation of middle lamella of plants where it occurs as calcium pectate.
(b) It is necessary for the growth of apical meristem and root hair formation.
(c) It acts as activator of several enzymes, e.g., ATPase, succinic dehydrogenase, adenylate kinase, etc.
Deficiency symptoms
(a) Ultimate death of meristems which are found in shoot, leaf and root tips.
(b) Chlorosis along the margins of young leaves, later on they become necrotic.
(c) Distortion in leaf shape.
👍18❤2
➪ Ecosystem Handwritten Notes
Share | Drop ❤️ below
💐 Share & React below.
Share | Drop ❤️ below
💐 Share & React below.
👍9❤3👌2🥰1
Which one of the following organisms bears hollow and pneumatic long bones? [NEET-2021, Direct from NCERT lines, Fill in the blanks]
Anonymous Quiz
11%
A. Macropus
41%
B. Ornithorhynchus
41%
C. Neophron
8%
D. Hemidactylus
👍8❤2🥰1👌1
A football player is moving southward and suddenly turns eastward with the same speed to avoid an opponent. The force that acts on the player while turning is:
[NEET 2023, NCERT concept based, Numerical type]
[NEET 2023, NCERT concept based, Numerical type]
Anonymous Quiz
16%
A) along northward
47%
B) along north-east
27%
C) along south-west
10%
D) along eastward
👍17
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Add This Folder Now ⚡️
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👍5🥰2❤1🎉1
✍️Notes on Environmental Chemistry:
🔹Components of Environment:
➖Atmosphere: This comprises a blanket of gaseous layer around earth.
➖Hydrosphere: This comprises about 96% of earth’s surface & includes all sources of water like oceans rivers lakes, glaciers, ground water etc.
➖Lithosphere: It refers to earth’s solid crust containing the outer mineral cover. It comprises soil, minerals, organic matter etc.
➖ Biosphere: It refers to the domain of living organism in covalent with atmosphere hydrosphere as well as lithosphere.
🔹Environmental Pollution :
Process of contamination of the environment with harmful wastes arising mainly from human activities.
➖Pollutant: Any substance or species produced either by a natural source or by human activity, which produces adverse effect on the environment.
➖Contaminant: A substance which does not occurs in nature but is introduced by human activity into the atmosphere affecting its composition.
➖Source: The site from which the pollution or contaminants originate.
➖Sink: The material or medium which consumes or interacts with a long lived pollutant is called sink.
➖Receptor : Anything that is affected by the pollutants.
➖Threshold limit value (TLV) : This indicates the permissible limit of a pollutant in atmosphere to which a healthy worker is exposed during hours a day or 40 hours a week for life time without any adverse effects. TLV are determined by experimentation on animals, by use of medical knowledge, epidemiology surveys & environmental studies.
🔹Tropospheric pollution or Air pollution:
It is the atmosphere condition in which the presence of certain concentration produce harmful effects on man and his environment. These substances include:
(i) Gases such as oxides of sulphur, CO, oxide of N2 and hydrocarbons
(ii) Particulate matter such as dust, smoke, fumes etc.
(iii) Radioactive material & many others.
➖Primary pollutants : These are the pollutants which are emitted directly from the sources. Some examples are:
➖Particulate Matter : Such as ash, smoke, dust, fumes etc.
➖Inorganic gases : Such as sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide etc.
🔹Particulate matter:
➖Soot: produced by incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fossils fuels such as coal, fuel oil, natural gas, wood etc in insufficient supply of oxygen.
➖Metal particles: These are released by various metal finishing operation. The micro particles of toxic metal & SO2 gas present in the polluted atmosphere get absorbed on the particles rendering them highly toxic.
➖Metal oxides : They are generated by combustion of fuels containing metallic compounds.
➖Lead salts: Their source is lead tetraethyl (Pb(C2H5)4) which is added to gasoline to improve its antiknock property. In order to avoid deposition of PbO suitable amounts of C2H4Cl2 & C2H4Br2 are added to gasoline along with Pb(C2H5)4.
➖Fly ash: It originates from the combustion of high ash fossil. It contains partially burnt particles of the fuels.
➖Asbestos dust: It originates from industrial units manufacturing asbestos sheets, gaskets ropes etc. Asbestos flowing & asbestos insulations also contribute towards asbestos dust in the atmosphere.
➖Solid Hydrocarbons: These are emitted from petroleum refineries & comprise of paraffins, olefins & aromatics.
➖Dust Particulates: Originate from natural, domestic, industrial or agricultural sources. These are thrown into atmosphere by volcanic eruptions, blowing of dust by wind, mining operations etc.
➖Acid mist : Sulphuric acid mist is produced when SO3 present in the atmosphere comes in contact with moisture. Nitric acid mist is produced when oxides of nitrogen, viz, NO & NO2, undergo the series of reactions in the atmosphere.
For More : Join Here
🔹Components of Environment:
➖Atmosphere: This comprises a blanket of gaseous layer around earth.
➖Hydrosphere: This comprises about 96% of earth’s surface & includes all sources of water like oceans rivers lakes, glaciers, ground water etc.
➖Lithosphere: It refers to earth’s solid crust containing the outer mineral cover. It comprises soil, minerals, organic matter etc.
➖ Biosphere: It refers to the domain of living organism in covalent with atmosphere hydrosphere as well as lithosphere.
🔹Environmental Pollution :
Process of contamination of the environment with harmful wastes arising mainly from human activities.
➖Pollutant: Any substance or species produced either by a natural source or by human activity, which produces adverse effect on the environment.
➖Contaminant: A substance which does not occurs in nature but is introduced by human activity into the atmosphere affecting its composition.
➖Source: The site from which the pollution or contaminants originate.
➖Sink: The material or medium which consumes or interacts with a long lived pollutant is called sink.
➖Receptor : Anything that is affected by the pollutants.
➖Threshold limit value (TLV) : This indicates the permissible limit of a pollutant in atmosphere to which a healthy worker is exposed during hours a day or 40 hours a week for life time without any adverse effects. TLV are determined by experimentation on animals, by use of medical knowledge, epidemiology surveys & environmental studies.
🔹Tropospheric pollution or Air pollution:
It is the atmosphere condition in which the presence of certain concentration produce harmful effects on man and his environment. These substances include:
(i) Gases such as oxides of sulphur, CO, oxide of N2 and hydrocarbons
(ii) Particulate matter such as dust, smoke, fumes etc.
(iii) Radioactive material & many others.
➖Primary pollutants : These are the pollutants which are emitted directly from the sources. Some examples are:
➖Particulate Matter : Such as ash, smoke, dust, fumes etc.
➖Inorganic gases : Such as sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide etc.
🔹Particulate matter:
➖Soot: produced by incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fossils fuels such as coal, fuel oil, natural gas, wood etc in insufficient supply of oxygen.
➖Metal particles: These are released by various metal finishing operation. The micro particles of toxic metal & SO2 gas present in the polluted atmosphere get absorbed on the particles rendering them highly toxic.
➖Metal oxides : They are generated by combustion of fuels containing metallic compounds.
➖Lead salts: Their source is lead tetraethyl (Pb(C2H5)4) which is added to gasoline to improve its antiknock property. In order to avoid deposition of PbO suitable amounts of C2H4Cl2 & C2H4Br2 are added to gasoline along with Pb(C2H5)4.
➖Fly ash: It originates from the combustion of high ash fossil. It contains partially burnt particles of the fuels.
➖Asbestos dust: It originates from industrial units manufacturing asbestos sheets, gaskets ropes etc. Asbestos flowing & asbestos insulations also contribute towards asbestos dust in the atmosphere.
➖Solid Hydrocarbons: These are emitted from petroleum refineries & comprise of paraffins, olefins & aromatics.
➖Dust Particulates: Originate from natural, domestic, industrial or agricultural sources. These are thrown into atmosphere by volcanic eruptions, blowing of dust by wind, mining operations etc.
➖Acid mist : Sulphuric acid mist is produced when SO3 present in the atmosphere comes in contact with moisture. Nitric acid mist is produced when oxides of nitrogen, viz, NO & NO2, undergo the series of reactions in the atmosphere.
For More : Join Here
👍35❤4🎉1💯1
ℙ𝕝𝕒𝕟𝕔𝕜'𝕤 ℚ𝕦𝕒𝕟𝕥𝕦𝕞 𝕋𝕙𝕖𝕠𝕣𝕪
--------------------------------------
❖ Substances that absorb or emit light discontinuously in the form of small packets or bundles.
❖ The smallest packet of energy is called quantum (plural quanta).
❖ The radiation is propagated in the form of waves.
❖ The energy of a quantum is directly proportional to the frequency of the radiation
E ∝ v
E = hv
E = (hc)/ λ =hc v
Where E = Energy of radiation
h = Planck's constant
= 6.626 * 10^-27 * erg .sec
= 6.626 * 10^-34 Joule.sec
❖ A body that can absorb or emit energy in whole number multiple of quantum.
E = nhv
Where n = 1, 2, 3, 4
❖ The frequency of emitted radiation goes from lower to higher as the temperature increases.
For More : Join Here
--------------------------------------
❖ Substances that absorb or emit light discontinuously in the form of small packets or bundles.
❖ The smallest packet of energy is called quantum (plural quanta).
❖ The radiation is propagated in the form of waves.
❖ The energy of a quantum is directly proportional to the frequency of the radiation
E ∝ v
E = hv
E = (hc)/ λ =hc v
Where E = Energy of radiation
h = Planck's constant
= 6.626 * 10^-27 * erg .sec
= 6.626 * 10^-34 Joule.sec
❖ A body that can absorb or emit energy in whole number multiple of quantum.
E = nhv
Where n = 1, 2, 3, 4
❖ The frequency of emitted radiation goes from lower to higher as the temperature increases.
For More : Join Here
👍42❤8🎉2💯1🏆1
IMPORTANT Years In NCERT :-
1731 - Many people of Bishnoi community sacrifice their lives saving trees (Jodhpur)
1770 - Priestley's experiment by Bell Jar, Mice & Mint plant, Candle.
1774 - Discovery of oxygen by Joseph Priestley
1838 - Matthias Schleiden-Cell Theory
1829 - Theodore Schwann- Cell Theory
1850s - Before industrialization => more white wing Moth
1854 - Julius von Sachs proved that glucose is formed in photosynthesis & stored as starch.
1855 - "Omnis cellula cellula" by Rudolf Virchow & complete the cell theory.
1856 - 1863 Mendel work on garden pea.
1860 - Hydroponics technique developed by Julie Von Sache
1865 - Mendel publishes his workon inheritance of character
1866 - Down's Syndrome discovered by Langdon Down.
1869 - DNA as a acidic substance was 1st identified by Friedrich Meischer & termed a "Nuclein"
1891 - Fossils of Java man discovered in Java
- Henking discovered X-body (X-chromosome) in insect. (XO- type sex determination)
1892 - Discovery of TMV by D.J. Ivanowsky
1898 - M.W. Beijerinck demonstrated infectious nature of TMV
- Discovery of Golgi Body by Camillo Golgi.
1900 - Rediscovery of Mendel's work by ---> • Hugo de Vries
• Karl Corrence
• Tschemark
1902 - Chromosomal theory of inheritance given by Sutton & Bovery.
1905 - Law of limiting factors for plants given by Blackmann
1920 - After Industrialisation => more black moth
1928 - Frederick Griffith's Transformation experiment on Streptococcus pneumonia bacteria
1933 – 1944 - Avery, Macleod McCarty used transformation principle of Griffith's experiment & concluded that DNA is genetic material.
1938 - Coelacanth/Lobe Fines caught in South Africa ---> Ancestor of amphibia.
1947 - At the time of our independence India's population, was approximately 350 million .
1950 - Electron microscope invention
- Tissue culture started
1951 - Family planning was initiated
1952 - Hershey & Chase experiment more correctly proved that DNA ie genetic material [ unquivocal_proof ]
1953 - Discovery of ribosome by George Palade.
- S.L Miller Experiment of evolution.
- Double helical structure model of DNA given by Watson & Crick.
1958 - Matthew Meselson of Franklin Stahl experiment (E. coli in NH4CI medium) proved that DNA replication is semiconservative )
- Taylor study on vicia faba plant (used radioactive thymidind and proved semiconservative nature of DNA)
1960 - Green Revolution.
1963 - Restriction endonuclease isolated from E. coli.
1963 - Wheat varieties Sonalika f Kalyan Sona (High yield & Disease resistant ) introduced in INDIA
1966 - Derived semi dwarf varieties of rice introduced in India.
1969 - R.H. Whittaker proposed FIVE-KINGDOM Classification
1971 - Discovery of viroids by T.O. Diener
- Govt. of India legalised MTP.
1972 - Fluid Mosaic model of plasma membrane by Singer & Nicolson
- 1st recombinant DNA developed by Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer
- National committee for environmental planning and Coordination was established.
- Wild life protection act in India.
1974 - Water Act. & also Chipko movement
1980 - Joint Forest movement
1981 - Air act.
- AIDS was fired reported
- Intrinsic growth rate of India (r= 0.0205)
1983 - Eli Lilly American company human Insulin from E. coli.
1984 - Bhopal Tragedy
- Ministry of Environment amd Forest.
1986 - Environment Act (NEPA)
1987 - Noise included in air pollution
- Montreal protocol (Canada)
1988 - National Forest Policy
1989 - Montreal Protocol became effective.
1990 - Delhi ranked 4th among 41 most polluted cities.
1990 - First clinical gene therapy was given to 14 yr old girl with ADA deficiency eye.
- Human Genome Project (HGP) launched.
1731 - Many people of Bishnoi community sacrifice their lives saving trees (Jodhpur)
1770 - Priestley's experiment by Bell Jar, Mice & Mint plant, Candle.
1774 - Discovery of oxygen by Joseph Priestley
1838 - Matthias Schleiden-Cell Theory
1829 - Theodore Schwann- Cell Theory
1850s - Before industrialization => more white wing Moth
1854 - Julius von Sachs proved that glucose is formed in photosynthesis & stored as starch.
1855 - "Omnis cellula cellula" by Rudolf Virchow & complete the cell theory.
1856 - 1863 Mendel work on garden pea.
1860 - Hydroponics technique developed by Julie Von Sache
1865 - Mendel publishes his workon inheritance of character
1866 - Down's Syndrome discovered by Langdon Down.
1869 - DNA as a acidic substance was 1st identified by Friedrich Meischer & termed a "Nuclein"
1891 - Fossils of Java man discovered in Java
- Henking discovered X-body (X-chromosome) in insect. (XO- type sex determination)
1892 - Discovery of TMV by D.J. Ivanowsky
1898 - M.W. Beijerinck demonstrated infectious nature of TMV
- Discovery of Golgi Body by Camillo Golgi.
1900 - Rediscovery of Mendel's work by ---> • Hugo de Vries
• Karl Corrence
• Tschemark
1902 - Chromosomal theory of inheritance given by Sutton & Bovery.
1905 - Law of limiting factors for plants given by Blackmann
1920 - After Industrialisation => more black moth
1928 - Frederick Griffith's Transformation experiment on Streptococcus pneumonia bacteria
1933 – 1944 - Avery, Macleod McCarty used transformation principle of Griffith's experiment & concluded that DNA is genetic material.
1938 - Coelacanth/Lobe Fines caught in South Africa ---> Ancestor of amphibia.
1947 - At the time of our independence India's population, was approximately 350 million .
1950 - Electron microscope invention
- Tissue culture started
1951 - Family planning was initiated
1952 - Hershey & Chase experiment more correctly proved that DNA ie genetic material [ unquivocal_proof ]
1953 - Discovery of ribosome by George Palade.
- S.L Miller Experiment of evolution.
- Double helical structure model of DNA given by Watson & Crick.
1958 - Matthew Meselson of Franklin Stahl experiment (E. coli in NH4CI medium) proved that DNA replication is semiconservative )
- Taylor study on vicia faba plant (used radioactive thymidind and proved semiconservative nature of DNA)
1960 - Green Revolution.
1963 - Restriction endonuclease isolated from E. coli.
1963 - Wheat varieties Sonalika f Kalyan Sona (High yield & Disease resistant ) introduced in INDIA
1966 - Derived semi dwarf varieties of rice introduced in India.
1969 - R.H. Whittaker proposed FIVE-KINGDOM Classification
1971 - Discovery of viroids by T.O. Diener
- Govt. of India legalised MTP.
1972 - Fluid Mosaic model of plasma membrane by Singer & Nicolson
- 1st recombinant DNA developed by Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer
- National committee for environmental planning and Coordination was established.
- Wild life protection act in India.
1974 - Water Act. & also Chipko movement
1980 - Joint Forest movement
1981 - Air act.
- AIDS was fired reported
- Intrinsic growth rate of India (r= 0.0205)
1983 - Eli Lilly American company human Insulin from E. coli.
1984 - Bhopal Tragedy
- Ministry of Environment amd Forest.
1986 - Environment Act (NEPA)
1987 - Noise included in air pollution
- Montreal protocol (Canada)
1988 - National Forest Policy
1989 - Montreal Protocol became effective.
1990 - Delhi ranked 4th among 41 most polluted cities.
1990 - First clinical gene therapy was given to 14 yr old girl with ADA deficiency eye.
- Human Genome Project (HGP) launched.
👍34❤7