★ Key notes on the Plant Kingdom from NCERT ★

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1. Introduction to Plant Kingdom

Kingdom Plantae includes eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic organisms with cell walls made of cellulose.

They contain chlorophyll a & b for photosynthesis.

Stored food is mainly starch.

Life cycle shows alternation of generations (haplodiplontic).


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2. Classification of Plant Kingdom (Based on the presence/absence of vascular tissue, seeds, and flowers)

A. Thallophyta (Algae)

Aquatic, autotrophic, simple thalloid body.

No true roots, stem, or leaves (Undifferentiated body).

Reproduction: Vegetative (fragmentation), Asexual (spores), Sexual (isogamy, anisogamy, oogamy).

Examples:

Green Algae (Chlorophyceae) – Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Spirogyra

Brown Algae (Phaeophyceae) – Fucus, Laminaria, Sargassum

Red Algae (Rhodophyceae) – Polysiphonia, Gelidium, Gracilaria


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B. Bryophyta (Amphibians of Plant Kingdom)

No vascular tissue, true roots, or seeds.

Body differentiated into leaf-like, stem-like structures.

Require water for fertilization.

Dominant phase: Gametophyte (haploid).

Reproduction: Sporophyte produces spores; gametophyte forms gametes.

Examples: Marchantia, Riccia, Funaria, Sphagnum

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C. Pteridophyta (First Vascular Land Plants)

Have vascular tissue (xylem & phloem) but no seeds.

Sporophyte dominant; gametophyte (prothallus) is independent.

Require water for fertilization.

Examples: Selaginella, Equisetum, Pteris, Ferns, Marsilea

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D. Gymnosperms (Naked Seed Plants)

Vascular plants with seeds but no flowers.

Seeds are "naked" (not enclosed in fruits).

Dominant phase: Sporophyte (diploid).

Examples: Cycas, Pinus, Ginkgo, Cedrus


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E. Angiosperms (Flowering Plants)

Most advanced and dominant group of plants.

Seeds enclosed in fruits; flowers present for reproduction.

Double fertilization unique to angiosperms.

Two groups:

Monocots (e.g., Rice, Wheat, Maize, Banana, Bamboo).

Dicots (e.g., Mango, Pea, Rose, Sunflower).

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3. Alternation of Generations

Plants exhibit Haplodiplontic life cycle: Alternation between haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte.

Trends in evolution: Algae → Bryophytes → Pteridophytes → Gymnosperms → Angiosperms (increasing dominance of sporophyte).

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4. Important Trends in Plant Evolution

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5. Economic Importance of Plant Groups

Algae: Source of agar, iodine, food (Spirulina – protein-rich).

Bryophytes: Peat formation (Sphagnum), soil conservation.

Pteridophytes: Ornamental plants (Ferns).

Gymnosperms: Timber (Pinus), medicinal uses (Ephedra – ephedrine).

Angiosperms: Major food, medicines, wood, fiber sources.

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