🔘String test for the identification of Vibrio cholerae
Vibrio cholerae is a gram-negative bacilli bacteria with a “comma” shaped body and a flagella for the movement.
V. cholerae and V. mimicus are the only Vibrio spp. that do not require salt for growth.
The string test may be performed on a glass microscope slide or plastic petri dish by suspending 18 to 24 hour growth from Heart Infusion Agar (HIA) or other non-inhibitory medium in a drop of 0.5% aqueous solution of sodium deoxycholate.
🆔 @MicroMLS
✴Principle of String test
If the result is positive, the bacterial cells will be lysed by the sodium deoxycholate or Sodium taurocholate, the suspension will lose turbidity, and DNA will be released from the lysed cells causing the mixture to become viscous.
A mucoid “string” is formed when an inoculating loop is drawn slowly away from the suspension.
@MicroMLS
✳Uses of String Test
String test is used to separate Vibrio spp. from Aeromonas spp. and P. shigelloides.
String test is used to differentiate Vibrio cholerae (string test positive) from other Vibrio spp. (string test negative).
❇Procedure of String Test
Take a clean grease free slide and add a drop of 0.5% sodium deoxycholate or Sodium taurocholate.
Emulsify an organism in the slide using an inoculating loop.
Keep on rubbing the loop vigorously for 2-3 minutes until the liquid appears viscous.
Then, pull the inoculating loop upwards from the slide.
Observe for a mucoid “string”.
@MicroMLS
♦➕Positive Test: Appearance of String (thread like mucoid) when the loop is pulled upwards.
Examples: Vibrio cholerae
♠➖Negative Test: No appearance of String when the loop is pulled upwards.
Examples: Aeromonas spp. and P. shigelloides .
https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAD-9_z56fB6h3kDmTA
Vibrio cholerae is a gram-negative bacilli bacteria with a “comma” shaped body and a flagella for the movement.
V. cholerae and V. mimicus are the only Vibrio spp. that do not require salt for growth.
The string test may be performed on a glass microscope slide or plastic petri dish by suspending 18 to 24 hour growth from Heart Infusion Agar (HIA) or other non-inhibitory medium in a drop of 0.5% aqueous solution of sodium deoxycholate.
🆔 @MicroMLS
✴Principle of String test
If the result is positive, the bacterial cells will be lysed by the sodium deoxycholate or Sodium taurocholate, the suspension will lose turbidity, and DNA will be released from the lysed cells causing the mixture to become viscous.
A mucoid “string” is formed when an inoculating loop is drawn slowly away from the suspension.
@MicroMLS
✳Uses of String Test
String test is used to separate Vibrio spp. from Aeromonas spp. and P. shigelloides.
String test is used to differentiate Vibrio cholerae (string test positive) from other Vibrio spp. (string test negative).
❇Procedure of String Test
Take a clean grease free slide and add a drop of 0.5% sodium deoxycholate or Sodium taurocholate.
Emulsify an organism in the slide using an inoculating loop.
Keep on rubbing the loop vigorously for 2-3 minutes until the liquid appears viscous.
Then, pull the inoculating loop upwards from the slide.
Observe for a mucoid “string”.
@MicroMLS
♦➕Positive Test: Appearance of String (thread like mucoid) when the loop is pulled upwards.
Examples: Vibrio cholerae
♠➖Negative Test: No appearance of String when the loop is pulled upwards.
Examples: Aeromonas spp. and P. shigelloides .
https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAD-9_z56fB6h3kDmTA
String test + = Vibrio cholerae…add 0.5% sodium deoxycholate to colony on slide .
🆔 @MicroMLS
🆔 @MicroMLS
🔶Biochemical test for Vibrio cholerae
🔸Basic Characteristics Properties (Vibrio cholerae)
➢Capsule ☞ Non-Capsulated
➢Citrate ☞+ve
➢Flagella ☞Flagellated
➢Gas ☞-ve
➢Gelatin Hydrolysis ☞+ve
➢Gram Staining ☞-ve
➢H2S ☞-ve
➢Hemolysis ☞Beta Hemolysis
➢Indole ☞+ve
➢Motility ☞Motile
➢MR (Methyl Red) ☞-ve
➢Nitrate Reduction ☞+ve
➢Oxidase ☞+ve
➢Shape ☞Rods
➢Spore ☞Non-Sporing
➢String Test ☞+ve
➢Urease ☞-ve
➢VP (Voges Proskauer) ☞Variable
◎●━ @MicroMLS ━●◎•
🌀Fermentation of
➢Adonitol ☞-ve
➢Arabinose ☞-ve
➢Arabitol ☞-ve
➢Cellobiose ☞-ve
➢DNase ☞+ve
➢Dulcitol ☞-ve
➢Erythritol ☞-ve
➢Galactose ☞+ve
➢Glucose ☞+ve
➢Glycerol ☞-ve
➢Inositol ☞-ve
➢Lactose ☞Variable
➢Maltose ☞+ve
➢Mannitol ☞+ve
➢Mannose ☞+ve
➢Melibiose ☞-ve
➢Mucate ☞-ve
➢MyoInositol ☞-ve
➢Raffinose ☞-ve
➢Rhamnose ☞-ve
➢Salicin ☞-ve
➢Sorbitol ☞-ve
➢Sucrose ☞+ve
➢Tartrate ☞+ve
➢Trehalose ☞+ve
➢Xylose ☞-ve
◎●━ @MicroMLS ━●◎•
🌀Enzymatic Reactions
➢Acetate Utilization ☞+ve
➢Arbutin ☞-ve
➢Arginine Dehydrolase ☞-ve
➢Esculin Hydrolysis ☞-ve
➢Lipase ☞+ve
➢Lysine ☞+ve
➢ONPG (β-galactosidase) ☞+ve
➢Ornithine Decarboxylase ☞+ve
➢Phenylalanine Deaminase ☞-ve
➢Tyrosine Hydrolysis ☞-ve
✅ للانضمام لنا:👇
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https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAD-9_z56fB6h3kDmTA
🔸Basic Characteristics Properties (Vibrio cholerae)
➢Capsule ☞ Non-Capsulated
➢Citrate ☞+ve
➢Flagella ☞Flagellated
➢Gas ☞-ve
➢Gelatin Hydrolysis ☞+ve
➢Gram Staining ☞-ve
➢H2S ☞-ve
➢Hemolysis ☞Beta Hemolysis
➢Indole ☞+ve
➢Motility ☞Motile
➢MR (Methyl Red) ☞-ve
➢Nitrate Reduction ☞+ve
➢Oxidase ☞+ve
➢Shape ☞Rods
➢Spore ☞Non-Sporing
➢String Test ☞+ve
➢Urease ☞-ve
➢VP (Voges Proskauer) ☞Variable
◎●━ @MicroMLS ━●◎•
🌀Fermentation of
➢Adonitol ☞-ve
➢Arabinose ☞-ve
➢Arabitol ☞-ve
➢Cellobiose ☞-ve
➢DNase ☞+ve
➢Dulcitol ☞-ve
➢Erythritol ☞-ve
➢Galactose ☞+ve
➢Glucose ☞+ve
➢Glycerol ☞-ve
➢Inositol ☞-ve
➢Lactose ☞Variable
➢Maltose ☞+ve
➢Mannitol ☞+ve
➢Mannose ☞+ve
➢Melibiose ☞-ve
➢Mucate ☞-ve
➢MyoInositol ☞-ve
➢Raffinose ☞-ve
➢Rhamnose ☞-ve
➢Salicin ☞-ve
➢Sorbitol ☞-ve
➢Sucrose ☞+ve
➢Tartrate ☞+ve
➢Trehalose ☞+ve
➢Xylose ☞-ve
◎●━ @MicroMLS ━●◎•
🌀Enzymatic Reactions
➢Acetate Utilization ☞+ve
➢Arbutin ☞-ve
➢Arginine Dehydrolase ☞-ve
➢Esculin Hydrolysis ☞-ve
➢Lipase ☞+ve
➢Lysine ☞+ve
➢ONPG (β-galactosidase) ☞+ve
➢Ornithine Decarboxylase ☞+ve
➢Phenylalanine Deaminase ☞-ve
➢Tyrosine Hydrolysis ☞-ve
✅ للانضمام لنا:👇
🔻✨🔻✨🔻✨🔻✨🔻
https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAD-9_z56fB6h3kDmTA
أطباء من جامعة بنسلفانيا قامو بحقن طفلة مريضة بسرطان الدم بفيروس الإيدز ليقضي الفيروس على السرطان... شوفو النتيجة!!!
داوها بالتي كانت هي الداء
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h6SzI2ZfPd4
@trqziz
داوها بالتي كانت هي الداء
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h6SzI2ZfPd4
@trqziz
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🍃🍂🌺🍃🍂🌺
🍂🌺🍂
🌺
─━B A T E R I A L C U L T U R E ─━
⏺ Ear / Eye / Skin / Wound
🔴 Negative: no growth of pathogens.
🔵 Speciment: Sterile fluid or swab from affected area placed in transport media tube provided by laboratory.
─━ @MicroMLS ─━
⚫️ Method: Culture aerobic and/or anaerobic on selected media; DNA probe assays are available for identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAD-9_z56fB6h3kDmTA
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🍂🌺🍂
🌺
─━B A T E R I A L C U L T U R E ─━
⏺ Ear / Eye / Skin / Wound
🔴 Negative: no growth of pathogens.
🔵 Speciment: Sterile fluid or swab from affected area placed in transport media tube provided by laboratory.
─━ @MicroMLS ─━
⚫️ Method: Culture aerobic and/or anaerobic on selected media; DNA probe assays are available for identification of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAD-9_z56fB6h3kDmTA
❤1
⏺ Throat (Nasal Pharyngeal)
culture
🔴Negative: No growth of pathogens.
🔵Speciment: Throat or nasal pharyngeal swab.
Contamination with oral flora may invalidate results.
Specimen collection after antibiotic therapy has been initiated may result in inhibited or nongrowth of organisms.
⚫Method: Aerobic culture.
No growth. The routine throat culture is a commonly ordered test to screen or the presence of Group A
β-hemolytic Streptococci.
S. pyogenes is the organism that most commonly causes acute pharyngitis.
The more dangerous sequelae of scarlet fever, rheumatic heart disease, and glomerulonephritis are less frequently seen because of the early treatment of infection at the pharyngitis stage.
💢There are a number of other bacterial agents responsible for pharyngitis.
Specific cultures can be set up to detect other pathogens such as Bordetella, Corynebacteria, Haemophilus, or Neisseria if they are suspected or by special request from the health care practitioner.
─━ @MicroMLS ─━
Corynebacterium diphtheriae is the causative agent of diphtheria.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a sexually transmitted pathogen. In children, a positive throat culture for Neisseria usually indicates sexual abuse.
💢The laboratory will initiate antibiotic sensitivity testing if indicated by test results. Sensitivity testing identifies the antibiotics to which the organisms are susceptible to ensure an effective treatment plan.
https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAD-9_z56fB6h3kDmTA
culture
🔴Negative: No growth of pathogens.
🔵Speciment: Throat or nasal pharyngeal swab.
Contamination with oral flora may invalidate results.
Specimen collection after antibiotic therapy has been initiated may result in inhibited or nongrowth of organisms.
⚫Method: Aerobic culture.
No growth. The routine throat culture is a commonly ordered test to screen or the presence of Group A
β-hemolytic Streptococci.
S. pyogenes is the organism that most commonly causes acute pharyngitis.
The more dangerous sequelae of scarlet fever, rheumatic heart disease, and glomerulonephritis are less frequently seen because of the early treatment of infection at the pharyngitis stage.
💢There are a number of other bacterial agents responsible for pharyngitis.
Specific cultures can be set up to detect other pathogens such as Bordetella, Corynebacteria, Haemophilus, or Neisseria if they are suspected or by special request from the health care practitioner.
─━ @MicroMLS ─━
Corynebacterium diphtheriae is the causative agent of diphtheria.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a sexually transmitted pathogen. In children, a positive throat culture for Neisseria usually indicates sexual abuse.
💢The laboratory will initiate antibiotic sensitivity testing if indicated by test results. Sensitivity testing identifies the antibiotics to which the organisms are susceptible to ensure an effective treatment plan.
https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAD-9_z56fB6h3kDmTA
⏹Routine culture of sputum
🔴The presence of normal upper respiratory flora should be expected
🔵Speciment: Sputum (10 to 15 mL)
─━ @MicroMLS ━─
⚫Method: Aerobic culture on selective and enriched media; microscopic examination of sputum by Gram stain.) Tracheal aspirates and bronchoscopy samples can be contaminated with normal flora, but transtracheal aspiration specimens should show no growth.
💢 Normal respiratory flora include Neisseria catarrhalis, Candida albicans, diphtheroids, α-hemolytic Streptococcus, and some staphylococci. The presence of normal flora does not rule out infection.
💢 A normal Gram stain of sputum contains polymorphonuclear leukocytes, alveolar macrophages, and a few squamous epithelial cells.
https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAD-9_z56fB6h3kDmTA
🔴The presence of normal upper respiratory flora should be expected
🔵Speciment: Sputum (10 to 15 mL)
─━ @MicroMLS ━─
⚫Method: Aerobic culture on selective and enriched media; microscopic examination of sputum by Gram stain.) Tracheal aspirates and bronchoscopy samples can be contaminated with normal flora, but transtracheal aspiration specimens should show no growth.
💢 Normal respiratory flora include Neisseria catarrhalis, Candida albicans, diphtheroids, α-hemolytic Streptococcus, and some staphylococci. The presence of normal flora does not rule out infection.
💢 A normal Gram stain of sputum contains polymorphonuclear leukocytes, alveolar macrophages, and a few squamous epithelial cells.
https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAD-9_z56fB6h3kDmTA
❤1
⏺ Blood Culture
🔴Negative: no growth of pathogens.
🔵Speciment: Whole blood collected in bottles containing standard aerobic and anaerobic culture media; 10 to 20 mL for adult patients or 1 to 5 mL for pediatric patients.
─━ @MicroMLS ━─
⚫Method: Growth of organisms in standard culture media identified by radiometric or infrared automation, or by manual reading of subculture.
https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAD-9_z56fB6h3kDmTA
🔴Negative: no growth of pathogens.
🔵Speciment: Whole blood collected in bottles containing standard aerobic and anaerobic culture media; 10 to 20 mL for adult patients or 1 to 5 mL for pediatric patients.
─━ @MicroMLS ━─
⚫Method: Growth of organisms in standard culture media identified by radiometric or infrared automation, or by manual reading of subculture.
https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAD-9_z56fB6h3kDmTA
⏺ Urine culture
🔴Negative: No growth of pathogens.
🔵Speciment: Urine (5 mL) collected in a sterile plastic collection container.
⚫Method: Culture on selective and enriched media.
No growth. Positive findings in UTIs.
Commonly detected organisms are those normally found in the genitourinary tract, including enterococci, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, and Pseudomonas.
─━ @MicroMLS ━─
A culture showing multiple organisms indicates a contaminated specimen.
💢Colony counts of 100,000/mL or more indicate urinary tract infection (UTI). Colony counts of 1000/mL or less suggest contamination resulting from poor collection technique.
─━ @MicroMLS ━─
💢Colony counts between 1000 and 10,000/mL may be significant depending on a variety of factors including patient’s age, gender, number of types of organisms present, method of specimen collection, and presence of antibiotics.
https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAD-9_z56fB6h3kDmTA
🔴Negative: No growth of pathogens.
🔵Speciment: Urine (5 mL) collected in a sterile plastic collection container.
⚫Method: Culture on selective and enriched media.
No growth. Positive findings in UTIs.
Commonly detected organisms are those normally found in the genitourinary tract, including enterococci, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, and Pseudomonas.
─━ @MicroMLS ━─
A culture showing multiple organisms indicates a contaminated specimen.
💢Colony counts of 100,000/mL or more indicate urinary tract infection (UTI). Colony counts of 1000/mL or less suggest contamination resulting from poor collection technique.
─━ @MicroMLS ━─
💢Colony counts between 1000 and 10,000/mL may be significant depending on a variety of factors including patient’s age, gender, number of types of organisms present, method of specimen collection, and presence of antibiotics.
https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAD-9_z56fB6h3kDmTA
⏺Syphilis Serology
Nonreactive or absence of treponemal organisms.
🔴Speciment: Serum (1 mL) collected in a red- or tiger-top tube.
⚫Method: Darkfield microscopy, rapid plasma reagin, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA], microhemagglutination, fluorescence.
─━ @MicroMLS ━─
💢There are numerous methods for detecting Treponema pallidum, the organism known to cause syphilis.
Syphilis serology is routinely ordered as part of a prenatal workup and is required for evaluating donated blood units before release for transfusion. Selection of the proper testing method is important.
─━ @MicroMLS ━─
Automated reagin testing (ART), rapid plasma reagin (RPR), and Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) testing should be used for screening purposes.
💢Fluorescent treponemal antibody testing (FTAABS) and microhemagglutination- Treponema pallidum (MHA-TP) are confirmatory methods for samples that screen positive or reactive.
─━ @MicroMLS ━─
💢Cerebrospinal fluid should be tested only by the FTA-ABS method. Cord blood should not be submitted for testing by any of the aforementioned methods; instead, the mother's serum should be tested to establish whether the infant should be treated.
https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAD-9_z56fB6h3kDmTA
🌺
🍂🌺🍂
🍃🍂🌺🍃🍂🌺
✨🍃🍂🌺🍃🍂🌺🍃🍂🌺
Nonreactive or absence of treponemal organisms.
🔴Speciment: Serum (1 mL) collected in a red- or tiger-top tube.
⚫Method: Darkfield microscopy, rapid plasma reagin, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA], microhemagglutination, fluorescence.
─━ @MicroMLS ━─
💢There are numerous methods for detecting Treponema pallidum, the organism known to cause syphilis.
Syphilis serology is routinely ordered as part of a prenatal workup and is required for evaluating donated blood units before release for transfusion. Selection of the proper testing method is important.
─━ @MicroMLS ━─
Automated reagin testing (ART), rapid plasma reagin (RPR), and Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) testing should be used for screening purposes.
💢Fluorescent treponemal antibody testing (FTAABS) and microhemagglutination- Treponema pallidum (MHA-TP) are confirmatory methods for samples that screen positive or reactive.
─━ @MicroMLS ━─
💢Cerebrospinal fluid should be tested only by the FTA-ABS method. Cord blood should not be submitted for testing by any of the aforementioned methods; instead, the mother's serum should be tested to establish whether the infant should be treated.
https://telegram.me/joinchat/AAAAAD-9_z56fB6h3kDmTA
🌺
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🍃🍂🌺🍃🍂🌺
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📋الكوليسترول المنخفض يساعد في مكافحة الامراض المعدية مثل التيفويد والاصابة بالفيروسات ،
لان هذه الميكروبات تستخدم الكوليسترول في الدخول للخلايا .
https://telegram.me/joinchat/Cfk6YTvWj9IjjybM4eFBjA
لان هذه الميكروبات تستخدم الكوليسترول في الدخول للخلايا .
https://telegram.me/joinchat/Cfk6YTvWj9IjjybM4eFBjA