🔆Air Masses
✅When the air remains over a homogenous area for a sufficiently longer time, it acquires the characteristics of the area. The homogenous regions can be the vast ocean surface or vast plains and plateaus.
✅ The air with distinctive characteristics in terms of temperature and humidity is called an air mass. It is a large body of air having little horizontal variation in temperature and moisture.
✅Air masses form an integral part of the global planetary wind system. Therefore, they are
associated with one or other wind belt.
✅They extend from surface to lower stratosphere and are across thousands of kilometers.
▪️Source regions
✅The homogenous surfaces, over which air masses form, are called the source regions.
✅The main source regions are the high pressure belts in the sub tropics (giving rise to tropical air masses) and around the poles (the source for polar air masses).
✅Source Region establishes heat and moisture equilibrium with the overlying air mass.
✅When an air mass moves away from a source region, the upper level maintains the physical characteristics for a longer period. This is possible because air masses are stable with stagnant air which do not facilitate convection.
✅Conduction and radiation in such stagnant air is not effective.
Conditions for the formation of Air masses Following two conditions are essential for the development of an air mass.
1. An extensive land or water surface with homogeneous conditions of temperature and humidity.
2. A large, relatively stationery, volume of air over the surface with no divergent winds.
Light winds ensure that the air stays over the source region for a sufficiently long time so that it acquires the temperature and humidity of the surface over which it stays.
✅The spreading and stretching associated with divergence causes the contrasts to diminish.
✅Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with the development of an air mass
1. Homogeneous conditions
2. Stationery volume of air
3. Divergent winds
4. Extensive land or water surface
✅Air masses based on Source Regions There are five major source regions. These are:
1. Warm tropical and subtropical oceans;
2. The subtropical hot deserts;
3. The relatively cold high latitude oceans;
4. The very cold snow covered continents in high latitudes;
5. Permanently ice covered continents in the Arctic and Antarctica.
▪️Accordingly, following types of airmasses are recognised:
1. Maritime tropical (mT);
2. Continental tropical (cT);
3. Maritime polar (mP);
4. Continental polar (cP);
5. Continental arctic (cA).
Part 1
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
✅When the air remains over a homogenous area for a sufficiently longer time, it acquires the characteristics of the area. The homogenous regions can be the vast ocean surface or vast plains and plateaus.
✅ The air with distinctive characteristics in terms of temperature and humidity is called an air mass. It is a large body of air having little horizontal variation in temperature and moisture.
✅Air masses form an integral part of the global planetary wind system. Therefore, they are
associated with one or other wind belt.
✅They extend from surface to lower stratosphere and are across thousands of kilometers.
▪️Source regions
✅The homogenous surfaces, over which air masses form, are called the source regions.
✅The main source regions are the high pressure belts in the sub tropics (giving rise to tropical air masses) and around the poles (the source for polar air masses).
✅Source Region establishes heat and moisture equilibrium with the overlying air mass.
✅When an air mass moves away from a source region, the upper level maintains the physical characteristics for a longer period. This is possible because air masses are stable with stagnant air which do not facilitate convection.
✅Conduction and radiation in such stagnant air is not effective.
Conditions for the formation of Air masses Following two conditions are essential for the development of an air mass.
1. An extensive land or water surface with homogeneous conditions of temperature and humidity.
2. A large, relatively stationery, volume of air over the surface with no divergent winds.
Light winds ensure that the air stays over the source region for a sufficiently long time so that it acquires the temperature and humidity of the surface over which it stays.
✅The spreading and stretching associated with divergence causes the contrasts to diminish.
✅Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with the development of an air mass
1. Homogeneous conditions
2. Stationery volume of air
3. Divergent winds
4. Extensive land or water surface
✅Air masses based on Source Regions There are five major source regions. These are:
1. Warm tropical and subtropical oceans;
2. The subtropical hot deserts;
3. The relatively cold high latitude oceans;
4. The very cold snow covered continents in high latitudes;
5. Permanently ice covered continents in the Arctic and Antarctica.
▪️Accordingly, following types of airmasses are recognised:
1. Maritime tropical (mT);
2. Continental tropical (cT);
3. Maritime polar (mP);
4. Continental polar (cP);
5. Continental arctic (cA).
Part 1
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
▪️Cold Air Mass
✅A cold air mass is one which is colder than the underlying surface and is associated with instability and atmospheric turbulence.
Cold source regions (polar air masses)
✅Arctic Ocean – cold and moist
✅ Siberia – cold and dry
✅Northern Canada – cold and dry
✅Southern Ocean – cold and moist Warm Air Mass
✅ A warm air mass is one which is warmer than the underlying surface and is associated with stable weather conditions.
Warm source regions (tropical air masses)
✅ Sahara Desert – warm and dry
✅Tropical Oceans – warm and moist
Part 2
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
✅A cold air mass is one which is colder than the underlying surface and is associated with instability and atmospheric turbulence.
Cold source regions (polar air masses)
✅Arctic Ocean – cold and moist
✅ Siberia – cold and dry
✅Northern Canada – cold and dry
✅Southern Ocean – cold and moist Warm Air Mass
✅ A warm air mass is one which is warmer than the underlying surface and is associated with stable weather conditions.
Warm source regions (tropical air masses)
✅ Sahara Desert – warm and dry
✅Tropical Oceans – warm and moist
Part 2
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
🔆Lake Titicaca
✅Often referred to as the highest navigable lake in the world, Lake Titicaca is located
at an altitude of 3,812 meters and it is the largest lake by volume in South America.
✅60% of the lake is located in Peru (the western part), whilst the remaining 40% belong to
Bolivia (the eastern end).
✅The lake is made up of two large basins which are connected by the Strait of Tiquina.
✅ The Lake Titicaca Reserve was created in 1978 in aim of preserving the special fauna, flora and the unique countryside found here.
✅Monomictic lake: Monomictic lakes are holomictic (uniform temperature and density from top to bottom) lakes that mix from top to bottom during one mixing period each year. Monomictic lakes may be subdivided into cold and warm types. Lake Titicaca is a monomictic lake.
#lakes_series
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
✅Often referred to as the highest navigable lake in the world, Lake Titicaca is located
at an altitude of 3,812 meters and it is the largest lake by volume in South America.
✅60% of the lake is located in Peru (the western part), whilst the remaining 40% belong to
Bolivia (the eastern end).
✅The lake is made up of two large basins which are connected by the Strait of Tiquina.
✅ The Lake Titicaca Reserve was created in 1978 in aim of preserving the special fauna, flora and the unique countryside found here.
✅Monomictic lake: Monomictic lakes are holomictic (uniform temperature and density from top to bottom) lakes that mix from top to bottom during one mixing period each year. Monomictic lakes may be subdivided into cold and warm types. Lake Titicaca is a monomictic lake.
#lakes_series
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
🔆Indo Pacific
✅The Indo-Pacific is a geopolitical construct that has emerged as a substitute to the long-prevalent “Asia-Pacific”, which represented the eastwards shift of global developments from Euro-Atlantic dimension
✅It is an integrated theatre that combines the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, and the land masses that surround them.
✅One of the reasons behind the popularity of this term is an understanding that the Indian Ocean and the Pacific are a linked strategic theater.
✅Also, the centre of gravity has shifted to Asia. The reason being maritime routes, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific provide the sea lanes.
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
✅The Indo-Pacific is a geopolitical construct that has emerged as a substitute to the long-prevalent “Asia-Pacific”, which represented the eastwards shift of global developments from Euro-Atlantic dimension
✅It is an integrated theatre that combines the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, and the land masses that surround them.
✅One of the reasons behind the popularity of this term is an understanding that the Indian Ocean and the Pacific are a linked strategic theater.
✅Also, the centre of gravity has shifted to Asia. The reason being maritime routes, the Indian Ocean and the Pacific provide the sea lanes.
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
🔆Transnistria
✅Transdniestria, also spelled Transnistria, separatist enclave in Moldova, located on the east bank of the Dniester River.
✅Transnistria is a breakaway region of Moldova in which ethnic Russians and Ukrainians together outnumber ethnic Moldovans.
✅It has a national bank, national currency (the ruble), and customs house, as well as its own flag and national anthem.
😊Historically, Transdniestria was ruled at various times by the Ottoman Empire, Russia, Ukraine, and the Soviet Union.
✅A substantial Russian military presence in Transdniestria strained Moldovan relations with Russia in the early 21st century.
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
✅Transdniestria, also spelled Transnistria, separatist enclave in Moldova, located on the east bank of the Dniester River.
✅Transnistria is a breakaway region of Moldova in which ethnic Russians and Ukrainians together outnumber ethnic Moldovans.
✅It has a national bank, national currency (the ruble), and customs house, as well as its own flag and national anthem.
😊Historically, Transdniestria was ruled at various times by the Ottoman Empire, Russia, Ukraine, and the Soviet Union.
✅A substantial Russian military presence in Transdniestria strained Moldovan relations with Russia in the early 21st century.
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
🔆Katchatheevu Island
✅It is an uninhabited off-shore island in the Palk Strait originally owned by a king of Ramnad (present-day Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu).
✅The island is used by fishermen to dry their nets.
✅During the British rule, it was administered jointly by India and Sri Lanka.
✅In the early 20th century, Sri Lanka claimed territorial ownership over the islet, so in 1974 India ceded the island to Sri Lanka, through a joint agreement.
✅Two years later through another accord, India further gave up its fishing rights in the region.
✅Initially the 1974 border agreement did not affect fishing on either side of the border.
✅In 1976, through an exchange of letters, both India and Sri Lanka agreed to stop fishing in each other’s waters.
✅In 1974 and 1976 treaties were signed between the two countries to demarcate the International Maritime Boundary Line (IMBL).
✅However, the agreement could not stop the fishermen from fishing in these waters, as fishermen know no boundary.
✅Despite the signing of maritime boundary agreements, fishermen communities of both the countries continued their fishing in the Palk Bay area peacefully until the Eelam war broke out in 1983.
✅Nonetheless, after the end of War in 2009, the Sri Lankan fishermen have been raising their objection to Indian fishermen fishing in their waters.
✅The small islet of Katchatheevu, hitherto used by the fishermen for sorting their catch and drying their nets, fell on the other side of the IMBL
✅Fishermen often risk their lives and cross the IMBL rather than return empty-handed, but the Sri Lankan Navy is on alert, and have either arrested or destroyed fishing nets and vessels of those who have crossed the line.
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
✅It is an uninhabited off-shore island in the Palk Strait originally owned by a king of Ramnad (present-day Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu).
✅The island is used by fishermen to dry their nets.
✅During the British rule, it was administered jointly by India and Sri Lanka.
✅In the early 20th century, Sri Lanka claimed territorial ownership over the islet, so in 1974 India ceded the island to Sri Lanka, through a joint agreement.
✅Two years later through another accord, India further gave up its fishing rights in the region.
✅Initially the 1974 border agreement did not affect fishing on either side of the border.
✅In 1976, through an exchange of letters, both India and Sri Lanka agreed to stop fishing in each other’s waters.
✅In 1974 and 1976 treaties were signed between the two countries to demarcate the International Maritime Boundary Line (IMBL).
✅However, the agreement could not stop the fishermen from fishing in these waters, as fishermen know no boundary.
✅Despite the signing of maritime boundary agreements, fishermen communities of both the countries continued their fishing in the Palk Bay area peacefully until the Eelam war broke out in 1983.
✅Nonetheless, after the end of War in 2009, the Sri Lankan fishermen have been raising their objection to Indian fishermen fishing in their waters.
✅The small islet of Katchatheevu, hitherto used by the fishermen for sorting their catch and drying their nets, fell on the other side of the IMBL
✅Fishermen often risk their lives and cross the IMBL rather than return empty-handed, but the Sri Lankan Navy is on alert, and have either arrested or destroyed fishing nets and vessels of those who have crossed the line.
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
2021 PRELIMS Marks
Anonymous Poll
19%
Clear cut off & CSAT
25%
Failed both GS & CSAT
12%
Clear Cutoff & failed CSAT
10%
IFoS, don't know
34%
Poll check
Forwarded from UPSC Toppers Notes prelims Mains
ancient maps.pdf
5.1 MB
Akshay mahadik AIR 212, 2021
Mapping Notes+ Ancient History+ Medieval History terms(NCERT)+ Ancient History maps in NCERT compilation
#Topper_Notes
#mapping
#history
Join @CSE_EXAM
@handwritten_notes1
Mapping Notes+ Ancient History+ Medieval History terms(NCERT)+ Ancient History maps in NCERT compilation
#Topper_Notes
#mapping
#history
Join @CSE_EXAM
@handwritten_notes1
🔆Maritime Choke Points
✅The Bab-el-Mandeb or Mandeb Strait is a strait located between Yemen on the Arabian Peninsula, and Djibouti and Eritrea in the Horn of Africa. It connects the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden.
✅The Lombok Strait, connects the Java Sea to the Indian Ocean, and is located between the islands of Bali and Lombok in Indonesia. The Gili Islands are on the Lombok side.
✅Strait of Malacca: From an economic and strategic perspective, it is one of the most important shipping lanes in the world.
✅The strait is the main shipping channel between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, linking major Asian economies such as India, China, Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
✅The Bab-el-Mandeb or Mandeb Strait is a strait located between Yemen on the Arabian Peninsula, and Djibouti and Eritrea in the Horn of Africa. It connects the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden.
✅The Lombok Strait, connects the Java Sea to the Indian Ocean, and is located between the islands of Bali and Lombok in Indonesia. The Gili Islands are on the Lombok side.
✅Strait of Malacca: From an economic and strategic perspective, it is one of the most important shipping lanes in the world.
✅The strait is the main shipping channel between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, linking major Asian economies such as India, China, Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
Forwarded from UPSC Toppers Notes prelims Mains
10C.pdf
8.6 MB
🔆YANKTI KUTI VALLEY
✅Multiple events of glacial advances have been witnessed from the Yankti Kuti valley situated in the extreme eastern part of Pithoragarh district, Uttarakhand, since 52 thousand years (MIS 3) that synchronises with climate variability, according to a new study.
✅Scientists of the Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, an autonomous institute of the Department of Science and Technology has reported first time the oldest glacial advance during 52 Kilo years from the Central Himalaya.
✅They found that moisture-deficient valleys of semi-arid Himalayan regions respond sensitively to enhance precipitation. The study suggests a regional synchronicity of glacier response to climate variability since MIS 3. The study carried out was in accordance with the synoptic-scale, climatic perturbation triggered by the North Atlantic millennial-scale climate oscillations.
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
✅Multiple events of glacial advances have been witnessed from the Yankti Kuti valley situated in the extreme eastern part of Pithoragarh district, Uttarakhand, since 52 thousand years (MIS 3) that synchronises with climate variability, according to a new study.
✅Scientists of the Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, an autonomous institute of the Department of Science and Technology has reported first time the oldest glacial advance during 52 Kilo years from the Central Himalaya.
✅They found that moisture-deficient valleys of semi-arid Himalayan regions respond sensitively to enhance precipitation. The study suggests a regional synchronicity of glacier response to climate variability since MIS 3. The study carried out was in accordance with the synoptic-scale, climatic perturbation triggered by the North Atlantic millennial-scale climate oscillations.
Join @Mapping_prelims_mains
🔆“Anti-hail guns” and their application in preventing hail storm
✅What is the news : ‘Anti-hail guns’, developed indigenously, will be tested by the Himachal Pradesh government to help out horticulturists who face crop damage due to hailstorms.
✅What are anti-hail guns : An anti-hail gun is a machine that generates shock waves to disrupt the growth of hailstones in clouds.
✅Who has developed these anti-hail guns : These anti-hail guns have been developed indigenously by IIT Bombay along with Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry at Nauni (Solan). They are likely to be much cheaper than the imported ones.
▪️How do anti-hail guns prevent a hail storm?
✅Anti-hail gun comprises a tall, fixed structure somewhat resembling an inverted tower, several meters high with a long and narrow cone opening towards the sky.
✅The gun is “fired” by feeding an explosive mixture of acetylene gas & air into its lower chamber. This releases a shock wave (waves that travel faster than the speed of sound, such as those produced by supersonic aircraft).
✅These shock waves supposedly stop water droplets in clouds from turning into hailstones, so that they fall simply as raindrops.
✅What are Hailstorms : A hailstorm is an unusual weather phenomenon in which balls of ice, called hail, fall from the sky. The ice balls are nothing more than solid precipitation that forms under certain conditions.
▪️How are Hails formed?
✅Hails are formed by cumulonimbus clouds which are generally large and dark and may cause thunder and lightning.
✅In such clouds, winds can blow up the water droplets to heights where they freeze into ice.
✅The frozen droplets begin to fall but are soon pushed back up by the winds and more droplets freeze onto them, resulting in multiple layers of ice on the hailstones.
✅This fall and rise are repeated several times, till the hailstones become too heavy and fall down.
▪️Previous such anti-hail guns used in Himachal:
✅In 2010, the Himachal Pradesh government had imported three anti-hail guns from the United States. They were installed in the apple-growing belt of Shimla where hailstorms in summer cause severe damage to the fruit every year.
✅Two of the machines are currently functional, while the third one was rejected by local residents.
✅State horticulture department officials maintain that since the installation of the guns, hail has occurred very few times in the villages.
#mains
Source IE
JOIN @mapping_prelims_mains
✅What is the news : ‘Anti-hail guns’, developed indigenously, will be tested by the Himachal Pradesh government to help out horticulturists who face crop damage due to hailstorms.
✅What are anti-hail guns : An anti-hail gun is a machine that generates shock waves to disrupt the growth of hailstones in clouds.
✅Who has developed these anti-hail guns : These anti-hail guns have been developed indigenously by IIT Bombay along with Dr Y S Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry at Nauni (Solan). They are likely to be much cheaper than the imported ones.
▪️How do anti-hail guns prevent a hail storm?
✅Anti-hail gun comprises a tall, fixed structure somewhat resembling an inverted tower, several meters high with a long and narrow cone opening towards the sky.
✅The gun is “fired” by feeding an explosive mixture of acetylene gas & air into its lower chamber. This releases a shock wave (waves that travel faster than the speed of sound, such as those produced by supersonic aircraft).
✅These shock waves supposedly stop water droplets in clouds from turning into hailstones, so that they fall simply as raindrops.
✅What are Hailstorms : A hailstorm is an unusual weather phenomenon in which balls of ice, called hail, fall from the sky. The ice balls are nothing more than solid precipitation that forms under certain conditions.
▪️How are Hails formed?
✅Hails are formed by cumulonimbus clouds which are generally large and dark and may cause thunder and lightning.
✅In such clouds, winds can blow up the water droplets to heights where they freeze into ice.
✅The frozen droplets begin to fall but are soon pushed back up by the winds and more droplets freeze onto them, resulting in multiple layers of ice on the hailstones.
✅This fall and rise are repeated several times, till the hailstones become too heavy and fall down.
▪️Previous such anti-hail guns used in Himachal:
✅In 2010, the Himachal Pradesh government had imported three anti-hail guns from the United States. They were installed in the apple-growing belt of Shimla where hailstorms in summer cause severe damage to the fruit every year.
✅Two of the machines are currently functional, while the third one was rejected by local residents.
✅State horticulture department officials maintain that since the installation of the guns, hail has occurred very few times in the villages.
#mains
Source IE
JOIN @mapping_prelims_mains
Consider the following States:
1. Andhra Pradesh
2. Kerala 3. Himachal Pradesh 4. Tripura How many of the above are generally known as tea- producing States? [ CSE 2022 ]
1. Andhra Pradesh
2. Kerala 3. Himachal Pradesh 4. Tripura How many of the above are generally known as tea- producing States? [ CSE 2022 ]
Anonymous Quiz
13%
(a) Only one State
33%
(b) Only two States
33%
(c) Only three States
21%
(d) All four States
Q. Which one of the following statements best reflects the issue with Senkaku Islands, sometimes mentioned in the news?
[ CSE 2022 ]
[ CSE 2022 ]
Anonymous Quiz
13%
It is generally believed that they are artificial islands made by a country around South China Sea
70%
China and Japan engage in maritime disputes over these islands in East China Sea.
12%
A permanent American military base has been set up there to help Taiwan toincrease its defence Cap.
5%
Through ICJ declared them as no man's land, some South-East Asian countries claim them