INDIA & WORLD MAP GEOGRAPHY UPSC
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#National_Park

Valley of Flowers National Park

▪️ Valley of Flowers National Park is an Indian national park, located in North Chamoli, in the state of Uttarakhand.

▪️3352 to 3658 meters above sea level

▪️Known for Its Meadows of endemic alpine flowers and the variety of flora.

▪️Representative of the Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows eco-region.

▪️The rich diversity of species reflects the valley's location within a transition zone between the Zanskar and Great Himalayas ranges to the north and south, respectively, and between the Eastern Himalaya and Western Himalaya flora

▪️Highest point in the national park beng Gauri parbat

▪️Pushpawati River

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MAJOR PORTS in India with the state it is located

▪️ Kandla Port - Gujarat

▪️ Mumbai - Maharashtra

▪️ Mormugoa - Goa

▪️ Visakhapatanam - Andhra Pradesh

▪️ Jawaharlal Nehru Port - Maharashtra

▪️ Paradip - Odhisa

▪️ Kolkata & Haldia - West Bengal

▪️ New Mangalore Port - Karnataka

▪️ Tuticorin - Tamilnadu

▪️ Cochin - Kerala

▪️ Encore - Tamilnadu

▪️ Chennai Port - Tamil Nadu

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🔆World Press Freedom Index, 2021

World Press Freedom Index 2021 is published by the international journalism not-for profit body, Reporters Without Borders (RSF).
While India has not slipped further, however, it continues to be counted among the countries classified “bad” for journalism and is termed as one of the most dangerous countries for journalists trying to do their jobs properly.
The latest index ranks 180 countries. by
Norway topped the list followed by Finland and Denmark, while Eritrea is at the bottom.
China is ranked 177, and is only above North Korea at 179 and Turkmenistan at 178.
India is ranked 142, same as last year, after it had consistently slid down from 133 in 2016.
In the South Asian neighbourhood, Nepal is at 106, Sri Lanka at 127, Myanmar (before the coup) at 140, Pakistan at 145 and Bangladesh at 152.

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✳️Oceans of the world✳️

The global ocean or global ocean is an interconnected system of oceanic waters of the Earth, and consists of the bulk of the hydrosphere covering 361,132,000 square kilometers or 139,434,000 square miles of the Earth's surface, with a total volume of approximately 1,332,000,000 cubic kilometers. .
The shape of the Pacific Ocean occupying 30% of the land is triangular in shape. Its area is 16,18,00,000 square. M, which is slightly less than twice the size of the Atlantic Ocean. It is 9,455 miles wide from the Philippines coast to Panama and 10,492 miles long from the Bering Strait to South Antarctica.

Pacific Ocean -
Area(km²) - 16,57,23,740
deep place - mariana trough

Atlantic Ocean -
Area(km²) - 8,2963,800
deep place - purito rico trough

Indian Ocean -
Area(km²) - 7,34,25,500
Deep Place - Sunda Trench

Arctic Ocean -
Area(km²) - 1,40,56,00
Deep Place - Eurasian Basin

Antarctic Ocean -
Field - Unrecoverable

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अंतराष्ट्रीय सीमाएं

★★★ रेखा का नाम – डूरंड रेखा (Durand Line)
देशों के मध्य – पाकिस्तान तथा अफगानिस्तान
📌1886 में सर मार्टिमर डूरंड द्वारा निर्धारित।


★★★ रेखा का नाम – मैकमाहोन रेखा (Macmahon Line)
देशों के मध्य – भारत तथा चीन
📌1120 किमी. लंबी यह रेखा सर हेनरी मैकमोहन द्वारा निर्धारित की गई थी।

★★★ रेखा का नाम – रेडक्लिफ रेखा (Radcliffe Line)

देशों के मध्य – भारत तथा पाकिस्तान
1947 में भारत-पाकिस्तान सीमा
📌आयोग के अध्यक्ष सर सायरिल रेडक्लिफ द्वारा निर्धारित।


★★★ रेखा का नाम – 17 वीं समानांतर रेखा (17th Parallel)
देशों के मध्य – उत्तरी वियतनाम तथा द. वियतनाम
📌वियतनाम के एकीकरण के पहले यह देश को दो भागों में बांटती थी।


★★★ रेखा का नाम – 24 वीं समानांतर रेखा (24th Parallel)
देशों के मध्य – भारत तथा पाकिस्तान
📌पाकिस्तान के अनुसार कच्छ क्षेत्र का यह रेखा सही निर्धारण करती है लेकिन भारत इस रेखा को स्वीकार नहीं करता है।


★★★ रेखा का नाम – 38 वीं समानांतर रेखा (38th Parallel)
देशों के मध्य – उत्तर कोरिया तथा दक्षिण कोरिया
📌कोरिया को दो भागों में बांटती है।


★★★ रेखा का नाम – 49 वीं समानांतर रेखा (49th Parallel)
देशों के मध्य – अमेरिका तथा कनाडा
📌अमेरिका तथा कनाडा को दो भागों में बांटती है।


★★★ रेखा का नाम – हिंडनबर्ग रेखा (Hindenburg Line)
देशों के मध्य – जर्मनी तथा पोलैंड
📌प्रथम विश्व युद्ध में जर्मनी की सेना यहीं से वापस लौटी थी।


★★★ रेखा का नाम – ओडरनास रेखा (Order-Neisse Line)
देशों के मध्य – जर्मनी तथा पोलैंड
📌द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध के बाद निर्धारित की गई।


★★★ रेखा का नाम – मैगिनाट रेखा (Maginot Line)
देशों के मध्य – जर्मनी तथा फ्रांस
📌जर्मनी के आक्रमण से बचाव के लिए फ्रांस ने यह रेखा बनाई थी।


★★★ रेखा का नाम – सीजफ्राइड रेखा (Seigfrid Line)
देशों के मध्य – जर्मनी तथा फ्रांस
📌जर्मनी ने यह रेखा बनाई थी !

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#Hills_Mountains_peaks

Harishchandra Range

▪️The Harischandra Range is a group of hills in the state of Maharashtra, India.

▪️ It lies in the northwestern region of the Deccan Plateau, between the Godavari and the Bhima rivers

▪️The Kalsubai is the highest peak, Harishchandragad is another important peak

▪️The range is thought to have been formed as a result of the downward erosion of the basaltic Deccan Plateau by the Godavari and Bhima rivers

▪️Ahmednagar is the important city of this region, and the hills lie between Ahmednagar and Pune.

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#Hills_Mountains_Peaks

Girnar hills

▪️Girnar, also known as Girinagar ('city-on-the-hill') or Revatak Parvata, is a group of mountains in the Junagadh District of Gujarat, India.

▪️It is an important pilgrimage site for Hindus and Jains , who gather here during the Girnar Parikrama festival.

▪️It is also a holy mountain to Buddhists

▪️ Girnar is one of the six major 'tirthas' attributed to the 'panchkalyanakas' of various ' tirthankaras

▪️Mount Girnar is a major igneous plutonic complex 

▪️It is the Nirvan bhumi of 22nd Tirthankara Lord Neminatha

▪️ Ashoka's rock cut edicts are present in Girnar

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#National_parks_in_India

National parks in Maharashtra:

3) Navegaon National Park:

- Located in the Gondia district 

- Part of Navegaon Nagzira Tiger Reserve

- In Marathi, Navegaon is Nave (New) + Gaon (Village)

- Water source: Navegaon lake

- Vegetation: Southern tropical dry deciduous forest

- Fauna: Tiger, Leopard, Fishing cat

- Area around the Navegaon lake is the Dr. Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary

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4) Pench (Jawaharlal Nehru) National Park:

- Located on the border of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra

- Located in the Nagpur district of the state of Maharashtra

-In Madhya Pradesh, known as Indira Priyadharshini National Park

- Also a Tiger reserve

- Rivers: Pench, Kanhan

- Vegetation: Southern tropical dry deciduous forest

- Flora: Teak, Bamboo

- Fauna: Tiger, Leopard

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Russia has deployed an underwater telescope called the Baikal-GVD (Gigaton Volume Detector) in the Lake Baikal, the world’s deepest lake & also the world's largest freshwater lake by volume

GVD is one of the three largest neutrino detectors in the world, other 2 being IceCube at the South Pole and ANTARES in the Mediterranean Sea.

GVD is designed to detect neutrinos that may have come from the Earth’s core, or could have been produced during nuclear reactions in the Sun, or formed as a result of supernova explosions.

It will aid in understanding of the origin of the universe since some neutrinos were formed during the Big Bang

Neutrinos:👇

They are not easy to catch, this is because they do not carry a charge, as a result of which they do not interact with matter.

Natural sources of neutrinos include the primordial elements within the earth, radioactivity in the sun

One way of detecting neutrinos is in water or ice, where neutrinos leave a flash of light or a line of bubbles when they interact.
#Amazon_Rainforest

▪️About Amazon Rainforest:

▪️The Amazon rainforest stretches across 5.5 million square kilometers, an area far larger than the EU.

▪️The Amazon rainforest home to one in 10 species on Earth is on fire.

▪️The Amazon rainforest is a moist broadleaf tropical rainforest in the Amazon biome that covers most of the Amazon basin of South America.

▪️The majority of the forest is contained within Brazil, with 60% of the rainforest, followed by Peru with 13%, Colombia with 10%, and with minor amounts in Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname and France (French Guiana).
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Follow these 5 tips that can help brighten your mood at home during such critical times of the pandemic. Try them now! #IndiaFightsCorona
#Macmohan_line #line

▪️MACMOHAN LINE

* MacMohan Line marks the border between India and China.

* The line is named after Sir Henry McMahon, the then foreign secretary of the British-run Government of India and the chief negotiator of the convention at Simla.

* It extends for 550 miles (890 km) from Bhutan in the west to 160 miles (260 km) east of the great bend of the Brahmaputra River in the east, largely along the crest of the Himalayas. China rejects the Simla Accord, contending that the Tibetan government was not sovereign and therefore did not have the power to conclude treaties.

* It is the effective boundary between China and India, although its legal status is disputed by the Chinese government.

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#Radcliff_Line #line
▪️Radcliff Line

* Radcliff Line had divided British India into three parts - West Pakistan, India and East Pakistan. But in 1971, the Bengali people in East Pakistan rebelled against their West Pakistani rulers. As a result a new country came into being and is known as Bangladesh.

* The same Radcliffe Line which separated India  and the then East Pakistan is the present border between India and Bangladesh. 

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#SCO
#international_organizations

▪️Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)

◾️ SCO is a Eurasian political, economic and security alliance, the creation of which was announced on 15 June 2001 in Shanghai, China by the leaders of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.

▪️Headquarters: Beijing, China

▪️SCO has 8 Member States - China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, India and Pakistan;

◾️Observer States 4 - Afghanistan, Belarus, Iran and Mongolia and

◾️Dialogue Partners 6 - Azerbaijan, Armenia, Cambodia,
Nepal, Turkey and Sri Lanka.

◾️ Official working languages of the SCO are Chinese and Russian.

◾️ The organisation has two permanent bodies — the SCO
Secretariat based in Beijing and the Executive Committee of the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) based in Tashkent.

◾️ SCO conducted Joint Exercise on Urban Earthquake Search & Rescue (SCOJtEx-2019) in New Delhi

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#Durand_line
DURAND LINE

▪️The Durand Line is the 2,430-kilometre International border between Pakistan and Afghanistan.

* Sir Mortimer Durand had drawn this line in 1893 between Afghanistan and then British India, which later got divided into two countries India and Pakistan in 1947.  

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#Mountains_peaks_series

💡Mountain Peaks in India

🔆Mountain Peak Height (meters) State

K2 8611m Lies in Chinese + Pakistan administered Ladakh

Kanchenjunga 8586 m Sikkim shared Nepal

Nanda Devi 7816m Uttarakhand

Kangto 7060m Arunachal Pradesh

Reo Purgyill 6816m Himachal Pradesh

Mount Saramati 3841m Nagaland shared Myanmar

Sandakphu 3636m West Bengal shared Nepal

MountTempu 2994m Manipur

Anamudi 2695m Kerala

Doddabetta 2636m Tamil Nadu
Phawngpui 2165m Mizoram

Shillong Peak 1965m Meghalaya

Unnamed peak 1960m Assam

Mullyanagiri 1925m Karnataka

Guru Shikhar 1722m Rajasthan

Arma Kondar 1680m Andhra Pradesh
Deomali 1672m Odisha

Kalsubai 1646m Maharashtra

Karoh Peak 1499m Haryana

Parasnath 1382m Jharkhand

Dhupgarh 1352m MP

Guarlata 1276m Chhattisgarh

Sonsogor 1022m Goa

Unnamed peak 1000m Punjab

Doli Gutta 965m Telangana

Amsot Peak 957m Uttar Pradesh

Betlingchhip 930m Tripura

Someshwar Fort 880m Bihar

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#World #Africa

Somalia

▪️It is a country located in the Horn of Africa.

▪️It is bordered by Ethiopia to the west, Djibouti to the northwest, the Gulf of Aden to the north, the Guardafui Channel and Somali Sea to the east, and Kenya to the southwest.

▪️It has the longest coastline on Africa's mainland.

▪️Since 1990s Somalia has witnessed a civil war and Islamic militancy.

EDGE*

▪️The Somali Dervish movement was an armed resistance to the colonial powers – particularly the British – in the Horn of Africa, between 1899 and 1920.

HORN OF AFRICA

▪️It is a peninsula in Africa. It consists of Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia.

▪️It extends hundreds of kilometers into the Arabian Sea and lies along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden.

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▪️Biosphere Reserve of India

▪️Biosphere Reserve (BR) is an international designation by UNESCO for representative parts of natural and cultural landscapes extending over large area of terrestrial or coastal/ marine ecosystems or a combination thereof.

▪️There are 18 Biosphere Reserves in the country.

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#Straits

Mozambique Channel


▪️ In the Indian Ocean
▪️ Between Mozambique and Madagascar
▪️ Dubbed as Forgotten Choke point

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