โ
Important Notes - Indian Geography โ
==============================
โจThe only inhabited island of Aerial island Group is Smith Island. The Aerial island Group belongs to the North and Middle Andaman administrative area.
โจSombrero Channel is located between Car Nicobar and Little Nicobar.
โจMarina Beach is located in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. It is the longest beach in India.
โจThe Malwa Plateau is enclosed by Bundelkhand in the east, Aravalli in the north and Vindhyan Range in the south.
โจGanga river (2525km) is the longest river in India. It originates from Gangotri glacier in Uttarakhand and falls in the Bay of Bengal. Other rivers may be longest in length but inside India, the Ganga is longest.
โจThe Gandak River is a left-bank tributary of the Ganges in India.
โจBeas river is originated from the Beas Kund near Rohtang Pass. It flows along the Manali and Kullu towns and created a transverse valley which is popularly known as Kullu valley.
โจBetul is the tributary of Tapi (730 km) river. The other tributaries of Tapi river are Purna, Panjhra, Patk, Arunavati, Ganjal etc.
โจWestern disturbances play an important role in precipitating additional rain during winter season in Kashmir and adjoining region.
โจThere is the presence of high pressure around and very low pressure in the center of any tropical cyclone. It is because of the tendency of the warm air to rise and cause a drop in pressure.
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==============================
โจThe only inhabited island of Aerial island Group is Smith Island. The Aerial island Group belongs to the North and Middle Andaman administrative area.
โจSombrero Channel is located between Car Nicobar and Little Nicobar.
โจMarina Beach is located in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. It is the longest beach in India.
โจThe Malwa Plateau is enclosed by Bundelkhand in the east, Aravalli in the north and Vindhyan Range in the south.
โจGanga river (2525km) is the longest river in India. It originates from Gangotri glacier in Uttarakhand and falls in the Bay of Bengal. Other rivers may be longest in length but inside India, the Ganga is longest.
โจThe Gandak River is a left-bank tributary of the Ganges in India.
โจBeas river is originated from the Beas Kund near Rohtang Pass. It flows along the Manali and Kullu towns and created a transverse valley which is popularly known as Kullu valley.
โจBetul is the tributary of Tapi (730 km) river. The other tributaries of Tapi river are Purna, Panjhra, Patk, Arunavati, Ganjal etc.
โจWestern disturbances play an important role in precipitating additional rain during winter season in Kashmir and adjoining region.
โจThere is the presence of high pressure around and very low pressure in the center of any tropical cyclone. It is because of the tendency of the warm air to rise and cause a drop in pressure.
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โ๏ธ Types of Contour Lines โ๏ธ
==============================
๐น Isohaline - A line drawn on a map connecting all points of equal salinity in the ocean
๐น Isotherm - A line drawn on a map connecting points having the same temperature at a given time
๐น Isohel - A line drawn on a map connecting points having the same duration of sunshine
๐น Isohume - A line drawn on a map connecting points of equal relative humidity
๐น Isoneph - It is a line representing points of equal amounts of cloud cover
๐น Isopectic - A line drawn on a map connecting points at which ice begins to form at the same time of winter
๐น Isotach - A line drawn on a map or chart connecting points of equal wind speed
๐น Isogeotherm - An imaginary line connecting all points within the earth having the same mean temperature
๐น Isopleth - A line drawn on a map through all points having the same numerical value, as of a population figure or geographic measurement
๐น Isohyet - A line drawn on a map connecting points having the same amount of rainfall in a given period
๐น Isobar - A line drawn on a map connecting points having the same atmospheric pressure at a given time
๐น Isobath - A line drawn on a map connecting all points of equal depth below the surface of a body of water
๐Channel link- @Mapping_India_World_Upsc
==============================
๐น Isohaline - A line drawn on a map connecting all points of equal salinity in the ocean
๐น Isotherm - A line drawn on a map connecting points having the same temperature at a given time
๐น Isohel - A line drawn on a map connecting points having the same duration of sunshine
๐น Isohume - A line drawn on a map connecting points of equal relative humidity
๐น Isoneph - It is a line representing points of equal amounts of cloud cover
๐น Isopectic - A line drawn on a map connecting points at which ice begins to form at the same time of winter
๐น Isotach - A line drawn on a map or chart connecting points of equal wind speed
๐น Isogeotherm - An imaginary line connecting all points within the earth having the same mean temperature
๐น Isopleth - A line drawn on a map through all points having the same numerical value, as of a population figure or geographic measurement
๐น Isohyet - A line drawn on a map connecting points having the same amount of rainfall in a given period
๐น Isobar - A line drawn on a map connecting points having the same atmospheric pressure at a given time
๐น Isobath - A line drawn on a map connecting all points of equal depth below the surface of a body of water
๐Channel link- @Mapping_India_World_Upsc
โช๏ธ North to South
Palk Strait
Palk Bay
Gulf of Mannar
๐Channel link- @Mapping_India_World_Upsc
Palk Strait
Palk Bay
Gulf of Mannar
๐Channel link- @Mapping_India_World_Upsc
Great Barrier Reef:
It is the worldโs most extensive and spectacular coral reef ecosystem composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands.
The reef is located in the Coral Sea (North-East Coast), off the coast of Queensland, Australia.
It can be seen from outer space and is the worldโs biggest single structure made by living organisms.
This reef structure is composed of and built by billions of tiny organisms, known as coral polyps.
They are made up of genetically identical organisms called polyps, which are tiny, soft-bodied organisms. At their base is a hard, protective limestone skeleton called a calicle, which forms the structure of coral reefs.
These polyps have microscopic algae called zooxanthellae living within their tissues. The corals and algae have a mutualistic (symbiotic) relationship.
It was selected as a World Heritage Site in 1981
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It is the worldโs most extensive and spectacular coral reef ecosystem composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands.
The reef is located in the Coral Sea (North-East Coast), off the coast of Queensland, Australia.
It can be seen from outer space and is the worldโs biggest single structure made by living organisms.
This reef structure is composed of and built by billions of tiny organisms, known as coral polyps.
They are made up of genetically identical organisms called polyps, which are tiny, soft-bodied organisms. At their base is a hard, protective limestone skeleton called a calicle, which forms the structure of coral reefs.
These polyps have microscopic algae called zooxanthellae living within their tissues. The corals and algae have a mutualistic (symbiotic) relationship.
It was selected as a World Heritage Site in 1981
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#Glacier_series
Pensilungpa Glacier
The Pensilungpa Glacier is located in Zanskar, Ladakh.
It is retreating due to an increase in the temperature and decrease in precipitation during winters.
The Zanskar Range is a mountain range in the union territory of Ladakh that separates Zanskar from Ladakh.
Geologically, the Zanskar Range is part of the Tethys Himalaya.
Marbal Pass and many other passes which connect Ladakh with Kashmir are in this area.
13000 feet high Zojila Pass is in the extreme northwest of Zanskar range.
Source PIB
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Pensilungpa Glacier
The Pensilungpa Glacier is located in Zanskar, Ladakh.
It is retreating due to an increase in the temperature and decrease in precipitation during winters.
The Zanskar Range is a mountain range in the union territory of Ladakh that separates Zanskar from Ladakh.
Geologically, the Zanskar Range is part of the Tethys Himalaya.
Marbal Pass and many other passes which connect Ladakh with Kashmir are in this area.
13000 feet high Zojila Pass is in the extreme northwest of Zanskar range.
Source PIB
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#Lakes_and_dams
GandhiSagar Dam
โช๏ธ The Gandhi Sagar Dam is one of the four major dams built on India's Chambal River.
โช๏ธ The dam is located in the Mandsaur, Neemuch districts of the state of Madhya Pradesh.
โช๏ธ It is a masonry gravity dam, standing (204.0 ft) high, with a gross storage capacity of 7.322 billion cubic metres
โช๏ธThe dam's foundation stone was laid by Prime Minister of India Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru on 7 March 1954
โช๏ธ The reservoir created by the dam is the third largest in India (after the Indirasagar Reservoir and Hirakud Reservoir), with a total area of 723 km2 (279 sq mi).
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GandhiSagar Dam
โช๏ธ The Gandhi Sagar Dam is one of the four major dams built on India's Chambal River.
โช๏ธ The dam is located in the Mandsaur, Neemuch districts of the state of Madhya Pradesh.
โช๏ธ It is a masonry gravity dam, standing (204.0 ft) high, with a gross storage capacity of 7.322 billion cubic metres
โช๏ธThe dam's foundation stone was laid by Prime Minister of India Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru on 7 March 1954
โช๏ธ The reservoir created by the dam is the third largest in India (after the Indirasagar Reservoir and Hirakud Reservoir), with a total area of 723 km2 (279 sq mi).
๐Join:- @Mapping_India_World_Upsc
INDIA & WORLD MAP GEOGRAPHY UPSC:
#River_Series
#Gomati_River
โช๏ธGomati River
โช๏ธ Gomti, Gumti or Gomati River is a
tributary of the Ganga.
โช๏ธThe Gomti originates from Gomat
Taal which formally known as
Fulhaar jheel, near Madho Tanda,
Pilibhit, India.
โช๏ธ It extends 900 km through Uttar
Pradesh and meets the Ganga River
near Saidpur, Kaithi in Ghazipur.
โช๏ธ Length: 900 km
โช๏ธLucknow is on Gomati.
โช๏ธAccording to Hindu mythology, the
river is the daughter of the Hindu sage
Vashist; bathing in the Gomti on
Ekadashi (the eleventh day of the two
lunar phases of the Hindu calendar
month) can wash away sins.
โช๏ธ According to Bhagavata Purana one of
Hinduism's major religious works, the
Gomti is one of India's transcendental
rivers.
โช๏ธThe rare Gomti Chakra is found there.
@Mapping_India_World_Upsc
#River_Series
#Gomati_River
โช๏ธGomati River
โช๏ธ Gomti, Gumti or Gomati River is a
tributary of the Ganga.
โช๏ธThe Gomti originates from Gomat
Taal which formally known as
Fulhaar jheel, near Madho Tanda,
Pilibhit, India.
โช๏ธ It extends 900 km through Uttar
Pradesh and meets the Ganga River
near Saidpur, Kaithi in Ghazipur.
โช๏ธ Length: 900 km
โช๏ธLucknow is on Gomati.
โช๏ธAccording to Hindu mythology, the
river is the daughter of the Hindu sage
Vashist; bathing in the Gomti on
Ekadashi (the eleventh day of the two
lunar phases of the Hindu calendar
month) can wash away sins.
โช๏ธ According to Bhagavata Purana one of
Hinduism's major religious works, the
Gomti is one of India's transcendental
rivers.
โช๏ธThe rare Gomti Chakra is found there.
@Mapping_India_World_Upsc
#Places_in_news
MATTERHORN
โWhy in News: Indian Tricolour of more than 1,000 meters in size was projected on Matterhorn Mountain, Zermatt, Switzerland to express solidarity to all Indians in the fight against COVID-19.
๐About
โMatterhorn is a mountain of the Alps.
โ It is situated in the Pennine Alps on the border between Switzerland and Italy.
โIts summit is 4,478 meters (14,692 ft) high,making it one of the highest summits in the Alps and Europe.
โSometimes referred to as the Mountain of Mountains, the Matterhorn has become an iconic emblem of the Alps in general.
@Mapping_India_World_Upsc
MATTERHORN
โWhy in News: Indian Tricolour of more than 1,000 meters in size was projected on Matterhorn Mountain, Zermatt, Switzerland to express solidarity to all Indians in the fight against COVID-19.
๐About
โMatterhorn is a mountain of the Alps.
โ It is situated in the Pennine Alps on the border between Switzerland and Italy.
โIts summit is 4,478 meters (14,692 ft) high,making it one of the highest summits in the Alps and Europe.
โSometimes referred to as the Mountain of Mountains, the Matterhorn has become an iconic emblem of the Alps in general.
@Mapping_India_World_Upsc
#Hills_Range
#waster_Ghats
โช๏ธwastern Ghats
โช๏ธThe Western Ghats extend along the West Coast of India covering area of 150,000 square kilometres.
โช๏ธ cover six state- Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala
โช๏ธIt is a UNESCO world Heritage site.
โช๏ธIt is one of the hottest hotspots of biological diversity.
โช๏ธThe significance of Western Ghats is that along with its rich biodiversity, it also supports a rich environment dependent civilisation of several thousand years
โช๏ธ local names
๐นSahyadri - Maharashtra
๐นNilgiri hills - Karnataka and Tamil Nadu
๐นAnaimalai hills and Cardamom hills - Kerala
โช๏ธhighest peak-Anaimudi kerala
@Mapping_India_World_Upsc
#waster_Ghats
โช๏ธwastern Ghats
โช๏ธThe Western Ghats extend along the West Coast of India covering area of 150,000 square kilometres.
โช๏ธ cover six state- Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala
โช๏ธIt is a UNESCO world Heritage site.
โช๏ธIt is one of the hottest hotspots of biological diversity.
โช๏ธThe significance of Western Ghats is that along with its rich biodiversity, it also supports a rich environment dependent civilisation of several thousand years
โช๏ธ local names
๐นSahyadri - Maharashtra
๐นNilgiri hills - Karnataka and Tamil Nadu
๐นAnaimalai hills and Cardamom hills - Kerala
โช๏ธhighest peak-Anaimudi kerala
@Mapping_India_World_Upsc
#Hills_Mountains_peaks
Satpura Range
โช๏ธThe range rises in eastern Gujarat state running east through the border of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh to the east till Chhattisgarh
โช๏ธHighest peak: Dhupgarh (4,430 ft) Madhya pradesh
โช๏ธRivers: Narmada, Tapti and Mahanadi
โช๏ธIt is a Horst mountain flanked by Narmada Graben and Tapi Graben
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Satpura Range
โช๏ธThe range rises in eastern Gujarat state running east through the border of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh to the east till Chhattisgarh
โช๏ธHighest peak: Dhupgarh (4,430 ft) Madhya pradesh
โช๏ธRivers: Narmada, Tapti and Mahanadi
โช๏ธIt is a Horst mountain flanked by Narmada Graben and Tapi Graben
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#Macmohan_line
#line_series
โช๏ธMACMOHAN LINE
* MacMohan Line marks the border between India and China.
* The line is named after Sir Henry McMahon, the then foreign secretary of the British-run Government of India and the chief negotiator of the convention at Simla.
* It extends for 550 miles (890 km) from Bhutan in the west to 160 miles (260 km) east of the great bend of the Brahmaputra River in the east, largely along the crest of the Himalayas. China rejects the Simla Accord, contending that the Tibetan government was not sovereign and therefore did not have the power to conclude treaties.
* It is the effective boundary between China and India, although its legal status is disputed by the Chinese government.
@Mapping_India_World_Upsc
#line_series
โช๏ธMACMOHAN LINE
* MacMohan Line marks the border between India and China.
* The line is named after Sir Henry McMahon, the then foreign secretary of the British-run Government of India and the chief negotiator of the convention at Simla.
* It extends for 550 miles (890 km) from Bhutan in the west to 160 miles (260 km) east of the great bend of the Brahmaputra River in the east, largely along the crest of the Himalayas. China rejects the Simla Accord, contending that the Tibetan government was not sovereign and therefore did not have the power to conclude treaties.
* It is the effective boundary between China and India, although its legal status is disputed by the Chinese government.
@Mapping_India_World_Upsc
Chinaโs string of pearls
โThe String of Pearls is a geopolitical theory on potential Chinese government intentions in the Indian Ocean region (IOR).
โIt refers to the network of Chinese military and commercial facilities and relationships along its sea lines of communication, which extend from the Chinese mainland to Port Sudan in the Horn of Africa.
โThe sea lines run through several major maritime choke points such as the Strait of Mandeb, the Strait of Malacca, the Strait of Hormuz, and the Lombok Strait as well as other strategic maritime centers in Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, the Maldives, and Somalia.
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โThe String of Pearls is a geopolitical theory on potential Chinese government intentions in the Indian Ocean region (IOR).
โIt refers to the network of Chinese military and commercial facilities and relationships along its sea lines of communication, which extend from the Chinese mainland to Port Sudan in the Horn of Africa.
โThe sea lines run through several major maritime choke points such as the Strait of Mandeb, the Strait of Malacca, the Strait of Hormuz, and the Lombok Strait as well as other strategic maritime centers in Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, the Maldives, and Somalia.
Join @Mapping_India_World_Upsc
Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC)
What is BIMSTEC?
BIMSTEC is a regional organisation comprising seven member states (India, Nepal and Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Thailand) lying in the littoral and adjacent areas of the Bay of Bengal.
Background
1. A new sub-regional grouping was formed on 6 June 1997 in Bangkok under the name BIST-EC (Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand Economic Cooperation). Following the inclusion of Myanmar on 22 December 1997, the Group was renamed โBIMST-ECโ (Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand Economic Cooperation).
2. In February 2004, Nepal and Bhutan became full members.
3. On 31 July 2004, in the first Summit the grouping was renamed as BIMSTEC or the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation.
Details About the Organisation
1. It is a seven member Organisation.
2. BIMSTEC has five of SAARC members in it, plus Myanmar and Thailand.
3. The BIMSTEC connects three important sub-regions of
I. India, Nepal and Bhutan in the Himalayan sub-region
II. Sri Lanka and Bangladesh in the Bay of Bengal sub-region
III. Myanmar and Thailand in the Mekong sub-region.
4. BIMSTEC is the only forum that brings together Indiaโs strategic peripheries (South, East and North) under one single grouping.
@Mapping_India_World_Upsc
What is BIMSTEC?
BIMSTEC is a regional organisation comprising seven member states (India, Nepal and Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Thailand) lying in the littoral and adjacent areas of the Bay of Bengal.
Background
1. A new sub-regional grouping was formed on 6 June 1997 in Bangkok under the name BIST-EC (Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand Economic Cooperation). Following the inclusion of Myanmar on 22 December 1997, the Group was renamed โBIMST-ECโ (Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand Economic Cooperation).
2. In February 2004, Nepal and Bhutan became full members.
3. On 31 July 2004, in the first Summit the grouping was renamed as BIMSTEC or the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation.
Details About the Organisation
1. It is a seven member Organisation.
2. BIMSTEC has five of SAARC members in it, plus Myanmar and Thailand.
3. The BIMSTEC connects three important sub-regions of
I. India, Nepal and Bhutan in the Himalayan sub-region
II. Sri Lanka and Bangladesh in the Bay of Bengal sub-region
III. Myanmar and Thailand in the Mekong sub-region.
4. BIMSTEC is the only forum that brings together Indiaโs strategic peripheries (South, East and North) under one single grouping.
@Mapping_India_World_Upsc
Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam
โThe Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam formerly known as the Millennium Dam and sometimes referred to as Hidase Dam is a gravity dam on the Blue Nile River in Ethiopia under construction since 2011.
โThe dam is in the Benishangul-Gumuz Region of Ethiopia, about 15 km (9 mi) east of the border with Sudan.
โWith a planned installed capacity of 6.45 gigawatts, the dam will be the largest hydroelectric power plant in Africa when completed.
โซ๏ธJoin๐ @Mapping_India_World_Upsc
โThe Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam formerly known as the Millennium Dam and sometimes referred to as Hidase Dam is a gravity dam on the Blue Nile River in Ethiopia under construction since 2011.
โThe dam is in the Benishangul-Gumuz Region of Ethiopia, about 15 km (9 mi) east of the border with Sudan.
โWith a planned installed capacity of 6.45 gigawatts, the dam will be the largest hydroelectric power plant in Africa when completed.
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Worldwide Terminology of Tropical Cyclones
โ They are given many names in different regions of the world โ eg.they are known as
โTyphoons in the China Sea and Pacific Ocean;
โ Hurricanes in the West Indian islands in the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean;
โ Tornados in the Guinea lands of West Africa and southern USA.;
โWilly-willies in north-western Australia and Tropical Cyclones in the Indian Ocean.
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โ They are given many names in different regions of the world โ eg.they are known as
โTyphoons in the China Sea and Pacific Ocean;
โ Hurricanes in the West Indian islands in the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean;
โ Tornados in the Guinea lands of West Africa and southern USA.;
โWilly-willies in north-western Australia and Tropical Cyclones in the Indian Ocean.
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#Wildlife_Sanctuary_series
Barnadi Wildlife Sanctuary: Assam
โWhy in News: Recently, the World Wide Fund for Nature-India (WWF) found a few tigers inhabiting the Barnadi Wildlife Sanctuary in Assam.
โIt is one of the smallest WS Assam.
โช๏ธLocation:
Barnadi Wildlife Sanctuary (BWS) is located in northern Assamโs Baksa and Udalguri districts bordering Bhutan.
โThe Sanctuary is bordered by the Barnadi river and Nalapara river to the west and east respectively.
โช๏ธLegal Status:
It was affirmed as the WS in 1980 by the Government of Assam.
โBarnadi was established specifically to protect the Pygmy Hog (Sus salvanius) and Hispid Hare (Caprolagus hispidus).
โช๏ธBiodiversity:
This is important for threatened species such as the Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus), Tiger (Panthera tigris) and Gaur Bos frontalis.
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Barnadi Wildlife Sanctuary: Assam
โWhy in News: Recently, the World Wide Fund for Nature-India (WWF) found a few tigers inhabiting the Barnadi Wildlife Sanctuary in Assam.
โIt is one of the smallest WS Assam.
โช๏ธLocation:
Barnadi Wildlife Sanctuary (BWS) is located in northern Assamโs Baksa and Udalguri districts bordering Bhutan.
โThe Sanctuary is bordered by the Barnadi river and Nalapara river to the west and east respectively.
โช๏ธLegal Status:
It was affirmed as the WS in 1980 by the Government of Assam.
โBarnadi was established specifically to protect the Pygmy Hog (Sus salvanius) and Hispid Hare (Caprolagus hispidus).
โช๏ธBiodiversity:
This is important for threatened species such as the Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus), Tiger (Panthera tigris) and Gaur Bos frontalis.
โซ๏ธJoin๐ @Mapping_India_World_Upsc
โฆ๏ธTricks to Remember !!
Tropic of Cancer Passes through eight states:
West Me Gujarat Rajasthan, Mujhe Jharkhand Chahiye Tha.
W- West Bengal
M- Madhya Pradesh
G- Gujarat
R- Rajasthan
M- Mizoram
J- Jharkhand
C- Chhattisgarh
T- Tripura
#Trick_Mnemonic
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Tropic of Cancer Passes through eight states:
West Me Gujarat Rajasthan, Mujhe Jharkhand Chahiye Tha.
W- West Bengal
M- Madhya Pradesh
G- Gujarat
R- Rajasthan
M- Mizoram
J- Jharkhand
C- Chhattisgarh
T- Tripura
#Trick_Mnemonic
Join ๐ @Mapping_India_World_Upsc