Relative Clauses 2
Relative Clause áá˝áąáá˛áˇ áááşáááşáááŻáˇ áĄá ááťááŻá¸ááźáąáŹáá˛áˇááźáŽá¸ááŤááźáŽá ááąáŹááŽáĄááťááşáá˝áąááᯠááźáąáŹááźáá˛áˇááŤáááşá áážááşááááąá¸áááş áááşáááşááąáŹáşá ááźááşááźááşáˇáááŻááşááŤá
⢠clause áááŻáᏠááŤááťáá áşááŻáá˛áˇ áĄá áááşáĄáááŻááşá¸ááŤáá˛á ááźááşááŹáááŻááąáŹáˇ âááŤááťááášáâáááşáááŻáˇááąáŤáşáááşá
⢠relative clause áá áşááŻá áááşáá°ááŻáášáááŻááş ááŤáážáááŻááş áááşáĄáᏠ(ááŤáážáááŻááşáááşáááşá¸ áááşáá°ááŻáášáááŻááşááťááŻá¸/ áááşáĄááŹááťááŻá¸ááᯠááźáąáŹáá°á áááŻáááŻááąááá˛áááŻáᏠááźáąáŹááźááąá¸áááşá
⢠áá°áá˝áąáĄááźáąáŹááşá¸ (áĄááŹááášááŻáá˝áąáááŤ) ááźáąáŹáá˛áˇáĄá፠relative clause áážáŹ who ááᯠááŻáśá¸ááŤáááşá
⢠áĄááŹááášááŻáá˝áąáĄááźáąáŹááşá¸ ááźáąáŹáá˛áˇáĄá፠relative clause áážáŹ that áááŻáˇáááŻááş which ááᯠááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá (who áááŻáśá¸á)
⢠What áááŻáᏠthe thing(s) that áááŻááŹáá˛áˇ áĄáááášááŹááşáá°ááŤáááşá
⢠relative clauses áážáŹ who/that/which áááŻáᲠááŻáśá¸áááŻáˇ ááááşá he/she/they/it ááŻáśá¸áááŻáˇ áááá°á¸á
áĄá˛ááŽááźáŽá¸áá˛áˇáá˛áˇ áááşáááşá¸á áŹáážáŹááŤáá˛áˇ ááá°ááŹááŤááťáá˝áąáááŻáᲠááźááşááźááşáˇááŤáŚá¸á
The woman who lives next door is a doctor. (or The woman that lives âŚ)
ááąá¸áĄáááşáážáŹ ááąáá˛áˇ áĄááťááŻá¸áááŽá¸á áááŹáááşáá áşááąáŹááşááźá áşáááşá (The woman that lives ⌠áááŻááźáŽá¸ who áĄá áŹá¸ that ááŻáśá¸áááşá¸ ááááşááąáŹáş)
ááŽááŤááťáĄá The woman lives next door. áááŻáˇ ááŹá¸áááşááááşá ááŤááᯠ(who = the woman) á subject ááąáŤáˇá
ááąáŹááşáá áşááźáąáŹááşá¸ áááşááźááşáˇáááşá
Where is the cheese that was in the fridge? (or the cheese which was âŚ)
ááąáá˛ááąáášááŹáá˛á ááááşáá˛áá˝áą áááşáážáŹáá˛á (the cheese which was ⌠áááŻááźáŽá¸ that áĄá áŹá¸ which ááŻáśá¸áááşá¸ áá°áá°ááŤáá˛)
ááŽááŤááťáážáŹ The cheese was in the fridge. áááŻáˇ ááŹá¸áááşááŤááááşáˇáááşá ááŤááźáąáŹááşáˇ (that = the cheese) á subject ááŤáá˛á
ááŽáĽáááŹáá˝áąááᯠááźááşáˇááźáŽá¸ ááąáŹááŽáĄááťááşááąá¸ááᯠááŹá¸áááşáááŻááşááŹááąáŤáˇá
You must use who/that/which when it is the subject of the relative clause.
who/that/which áááŻáˇááᯠrelative clause áá áşááŻáá˛áˇ subject ááźá áşáá˛áˇáĄá፠ááŻáśá¸ááááşá
ááŤááᯠááŽááŤááťááąá¸ áážááşááážááş ááŻáśá¸ááźááşááąá¸ááŤáŚá¸á
⢠The woman lives next door is a doctor.
⢠Where is the cheese was in the fridge?
ááźááşáˇááŻáśáá˛áˇ áá˝á˛ááąáááşáááŻáᏠááááŹááŹááąáŤáˇááąáŹáşá who/that/which áááŻáˇááᯠrelative clause áá áşááŻáá˛áˇ subject ááąááŹáážáŹ ááŻáśá¸ááááşáááŻáˇ áááŻáá˛áˇáĄáá˝ááş ááŽááŤááťáá˝áąáážáŹ who/that/which á ááŹááąá¸áá˝áą ááťááşááąáááŻáˇ áĄáááşáááźáąáá°á¸á
Who/that/which áááŻáˇááᯠrelative clause áá áşááŻáá˛áˇ subject ááźá áşáá˛áˇáĄááŤáážáŹ ááŻáśá¸ááááşáááŻáˇ ááźáąáŹáá˛áˇááźáŽá ááŤáááŻáááş ááąá¸á ááŹáá áşááŻáážááááşá object ááąááŹáážáŹ áážááááşááąáŹ áááşáááŻááŻáśá¸ááá˛á
ááŽáĄááťááşááąá¸ áážááşááŹá¸ááŤá
Sometimes who/that/which is the object of the verb.
áá áşááŤáá áşááąáážáŹ who/that/which áááŻáˇá áĄá˛áᎠverb áá˛áˇ object áááşá¸ ááźá áşáááŻááşááŤááá˛áˇá
áážááşá¸áááşá¸ááťááşáááŻááŹáá˝áąá áážááşá¸ááŻáśáá˛áˇ áááá°á¸á ááá°ááŹááąá¸áá˝áąáááşá¸ ááźááşáˇááŤááž áá˝ááşáá˝ááşáá˝ááşá¸áá˝ááşá¸ áááąáŹááąáŤááşáááşááŹá ááŽááąáŹáˇ áĽáááŹááŤááťáá˝áą ááźááşáˇááŚá¸áážáŹááąáŤáˇá áᲠááźááşáˇááŤá
ď§ The woman who I wanted to see was away on holiday.
ááŤáá˝áąáˇááťááşáá˛áˇ áĄááťááŻá¸áááŽá¸á áĄáŹá¸áááşáááşáááŽá¸áá˝ááşááąáááşá
ď§ Have you found the keys that you lost?
áááşá¸ááťáąáŹááşáá˝áŹá¸áá˛áˇ ááąáŹáˇáá˝áą áá˝áąáˇááźáŽááŹá¸á
áááááŤááťáážáŹááŤáá˛áˇ who I wanted to see áááŻáá˛áˇ relative clause áááŻááźááşáˇá áᎠclause áážáŹ who áááŻááŹá the woman ááᯠáááşáá˝ážááşá¸áážááşá¸ áááááşááąáŹáşá ááŤáá˝áąáˇááťááşáá˛áˇ áĄááťááŻá¸áááŽá¸áááŻááąáŹáˇ I wanted to see the woman. áááŻáˇ ááŹá¸áááşááááşá ááŤáááŻáááş (who = the woman) á object ááŤá subject á I ááąáŤáˇá
ááŻáááááŤááťáážáŹ ááŤáá˛áˇ that you lost áááŻáá˛áˇ relative clause ááᯠáááşááźááşáˇááĄáąáŹááşá áᎠthat á the keys ááᯠáááşáá˝ážááşá¸ááŤáááşá You lost the keys. áááŻáá˛áˇ áááąáŹáááŻáˇ (that = the keys) á object ááŤá subject áááąáŹáˇ you ááąáŤáˇá
áᲠwho/that/which áááŻáˇááᯠsubject ááąááŹáážáŹááᯠáááşáááŻá object ááąááŹáážáŹááᯠáááşáááŻáááŻáᏠááźáąáŹááźáŽá¸ááźáŽá ááŹá¸áááşáááşáááŻáˇáááşá¸ áááşááŤáááşá ááŽááąáŹáˇ ááąáŹááşáá áşááťááş áááŻá¸ááźáŽá¸ ááźááşáˇááĄáąáŹááşá
When who/that/which is the object, you can leave it out.
who/that/which á object ááźá áşááąáááş áĄá˛ááŤááᯠááťááşááŹá¸áá˛áˇáááŻáˇ áááŤáááşá
ááŽáááŻáá˝áą ááźáąáŹáááŻáˇ ááááşá
ď§ The woman I wanted to see was away. (or) The woman who I wanted to see âŚ
ááŤáá˝áąáˇááťááşáá˛áˇ áĄááťááŻá¸áááŽá¸á áááźáŹá¸áážáŹá
ď§ Have you found the keys you lost? (or) ⌠the keys that you lost?
áááşá¸ááťáąáŹááşáá˝áŹá¸áá˛áˇ ááąáŹáˇáá˝áą áá˝áąáˇááźáŽááŹá¸á
ď§ The dress Liz bought doesnât fit her very well. (or) The dress that Liz bought âŚ
áá áşááşáááşáá˛áˇáá˛áˇ áááşá áŻáśá áá°áá˛áˇ ááááşáááąáŹáşáá°á¸á
ď§ Is there anything I can do? (or) ⌠anything that I can do?
ááŤááŻááşáááŻááşáᏠáá áşááŻááŻááťáŹá¸áážááááŹá¸á
Relative clauses áá˝áąáážáŹ preposition áá˝áąáá˛áˇ ááąááŹáááŻááąáŹáˇ áááŻááźáŻááŤá
Relative Clause áá˝áąáá˛áˇ áááşáááşáááŻáˇ áĄá ááťááŻá¸ááźáąáŹáá˛áˇááźáŽá¸ááŤááźáŽá ááąáŹááŽáĄááťááşáá˝áąááᯠááźáąáŹááźáá˛áˇááŤáááşá áážááşááááąá¸áááş áááşáááşááąáŹáşá ááźááşááźááşáˇáááŻááşááŤá
⢠clause áááŻáᏠááŤááťáá áşááŻáá˛áˇ áĄá áááşáĄáááŻááşá¸ááŤáá˛á ááźááşááŹáááŻááąáŹáˇ âááŤááťááášáâáááşáááŻáˇááąáŤáşáááşá
⢠relative clause áá áşááŻá áááşáá°ááŻáášáááŻááş ááŤáážáááŻááş áááşáĄáᏠ(ááŤáážáááŻááşáááşáááşá¸ áááşáá°ááŻáášáááŻááşááťááŻá¸/ áááşáĄááŹááťááŻá¸ááᯠááźáąáŹáá°á áááŻáááŻááąááá˛áááŻáᏠááźáąáŹááźááąá¸áááşá
⢠áá°áá˝áąáĄááźáąáŹááşá¸ (áĄááŹááášááŻáá˝áąáááŤ) ááźáąáŹáá˛áˇáĄá፠relative clause áážáŹ who ááᯠááŻáśá¸ááŤáááşá
⢠áĄááŹááášááŻáá˝áąáĄááźáąáŹááşá¸ ááźáąáŹáá˛áˇáĄá፠relative clause áážáŹ that áááŻáˇáááŻááş which ááᯠááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá (who áááŻáśá¸á)
⢠What áááŻáᏠthe thing(s) that áááŻááŹáá˛áˇ áĄáááášááŹááşáá°ááŤáááşá
⢠relative clauses áážáŹ who/that/which áááŻáᲠááŻáśá¸áááŻáˇ ááááşá he/she/they/it ááŻáśá¸áááŻáˇ áááá°á¸á
áĄá˛ááŽááźáŽá¸áá˛áˇáá˛áˇ áááşáááşá¸á áŹáážáŹááŤáá˛áˇ ááá°ááŹááŤááťáá˝áąáááŻáᲠááźááşááźááşáˇááŤáŚá¸á
The woman who lives next door is a doctor. (or The woman that lives âŚ)
ááąá¸áĄáááşáážáŹ ááąáá˛áˇ áĄááťááŻá¸áááŽá¸á áááŹáááşáá áşááąáŹááşááźá áşáááşá (The woman that lives ⌠áááŻááźáŽá¸ who áĄá áŹá¸ that ááŻáśá¸áááşá¸ ááááşááąáŹáş)
ááŽááŤááťáĄá The woman lives next door. áááŻáˇ ááŹá¸áááşááááşá ááŤááᯠ(who = the woman) á subject ááąáŤáˇá
ááąáŹááşáá áşááźáąáŹááşá¸ áááşááźááşáˇáááşá
Where is the cheese that was in the fridge? (or the cheese which was âŚ)
ááąáá˛ááąáášááŹáá˛á ááááşáá˛áá˝áą áááşáážáŹáá˛á (the cheese which was ⌠áááŻááźáŽá¸ that áĄá áŹá¸ which ááŻáśá¸áááşá¸ áá°áá°ááŤáá˛)
ááŽááŤááťáážáŹ The cheese was in the fridge. áááŻáˇ ááŹá¸áááşááŤááááşáˇáááşá ááŤááźáąáŹááşáˇ (that = the cheese) á subject ááŤáá˛á
ááŽáĽáááŹáá˝áąááᯠááźááşáˇááźáŽá¸ ááąáŹááŽáĄááťááşááąá¸ááᯠááŹá¸áááşáááŻááşááŹááąáŤáˇá
You must use who/that/which when it is the subject of the relative clause.
who/that/which áááŻáˇááᯠrelative clause áá áşááŻáá˛áˇ subject ááźá áşáá˛áˇáĄá፠ááŻáśá¸ááááşá
ááŤááᯠááŽááŤááťááąá¸ áážááşááážááş ááŻáśá¸ááźááşááąá¸ááŤáŚá¸á
⢠The woman lives next door is a doctor.
⢠Where is the cheese was in the fridge?
ááźááşáˇááŻáśáá˛áˇ áá˝á˛ááąáááşáááŻáᏠááááŹááŹááąáŤáˇááąáŹáşá who/that/which áááŻáˇááᯠrelative clause áá áşááŻáá˛áˇ subject ááąááŹáážáŹ ááŻáśá¸ááááşáááŻáˇ áááŻáá˛áˇáĄáá˝ááş ááŽááŤááťáá˝áąáážáŹ who/that/which á ááŹááąá¸áá˝áą ááťááşááąáááŻáˇ áĄáááşáááźáąáá°á¸á
Who/that/which áááŻáˇááᯠrelative clause áá áşááŻáá˛áˇ subject ááźá áşáá˛áˇáĄááŤáážáŹ ááŻáśá¸ááááşáááŻáˇ ááźáąáŹáá˛áˇááźáŽá ááŤáááŻáááş ááąá¸á ááŹáá áşááŻáážááááşá object ááąááŹáážáŹ áážááááşááąáŹ áááşáááŻááŻáśá¸ááá˛á
ááŽáĄááťááşááąá¸ áážááşááŹá¸ááŤá
Sometimes who/that/which is the object of the verb.
áá áşááŤáá áşááąáážáŹ who/that/which áááŻáˇá áĄá˛áᎠverb áá˛áˇ object áááşá¸ ááźá áşáááŻááşááŤááá˛áˇá
áážááşá¸áááşá¸ááťááşáááŻááŹáá˝áąá áážááşá¸ááŻáśáá˛áˇ áááá°á¸á ááá°ááŹááąá¸áá˝áąáááşá¸ ááźááşáˇááŤááž áá˝ááşáá˝ááşáá˝ááşá¸áá˝ááşá¸ áááąáŹááąáŤááşáááşááŹá ááŽááąáŹáˇ áĽáááŹááŤááťáá˝áą ááźááşáˇááŚá¸áážáŹááąáŤáˇá áᲠááźááşáˇááŤá
ď§ The woman who I wanted to see was away on holiday.
ááŤáá˝áąáˇááťááşáá˛áˇ áĄááťááŻá¸áááŽá¸á áĄáŹá¸áááşáááşáááŽá¸áá˝ááşááąáááşá
ď§ Have you found the keys that you lost?
áááşá¸ááťáąáŹááşáá˝áŹá¸áá˛áˇ ááąáŹáˇáá˝áą áá˝áąáˇááźáŽááŹá¸á
áááááŤááťáážáŹááŤáá˛áˇ who I wanted to see áááŻáá˛áˇ relative clause áááŻááźááşáˇá áᎠclause áážáŹ who áááŻááŹá the woman ááᯠáááşáá˝ážááşá¸áážááşá¸ áááááşááąáŹáşá ááŤáá˝áąáˇááťááşáá˛áˇ áĄááťááŻá¸áááŽá¸áááŻááąáŹáˇ I wanted to see the woman. áááŻáˇ ááŹá¸áááşááááşá ááŤáááŻáááş (who = the woman) á object ááŤá subject á I ááąáŤáˇá
ááŻáááááŤááťáážáŹ ááŤáá˛áˇ that you lost áááŻáá˛áˇ relative clause ááᯠáááşááźááşáˇááĄáąáŹááşá áᎠthat á the keys ááᯠáááşáá˝ážááşá¸ááŤáááşá You lost the keys. áááŻáá˛áˇ áááąáŹáááŻáˇ (that = the keys) á object ááŤá subject áááąáŹáˇ you ááąáŤáˇá
áᲠwho/that/which áááŻáˇááᯠsubject ááąááŹáážáŹááᯠáááşáááŻá object ááąááŹáážáŹááᯠáááşáááŻáááŻáᏠááźáąáŹááźáŽá¸ááźáŽá ááŹá¸áááşáááşáááŻáˇáááşá¸ áááşááŤáááşá ááŽááąáŹáˇ ááąáŹááşáá áşááťááş áááŻá¸ááźáŽá¸ ááźááşáˇááĄáąáŹááşá
When who/that/which is the object, you can leave it out.
who/that/which á object ááźá áşááąáááş áĄá˛ááŤááᯠááťááşááŹá¸áá˛áˇáááŻáˇ áááŤáááşá
ááŽáááŻáá˝áą ááźáąáŹáááŻáˇ ááááşá
ď§ The woman I wanted to see was away. (or) The woman who I wanted to see âŚ
ááŤáá˝áąáˇááťááşáá˛áˇ áĄááťááŻá¸áááŽá¸á áááźáŹá¸áážáŹá
ď§ Have you found the keys you lost? (or) ⌠the keys that you lost?
áááşá¸ááťáąáŹááşáá˝áŹá¸áá˛áˇ ááąáŹáˇáá˝áą áá˝áąáˇááźáŽááŹá¸á
ď§ The dress Liz bought doesnât fit her very well. (or) The dress that Liz bought âŚ
áá áşááşáááşáá˛áˇáá˛áˇ áááşá áŻáśá áá°áá˛áˇ ááááşáááąáŹáşáá°á¸á
ď§ Is there anything I can do? (or) ⌠anything that I can do?
ááŤááŻááşáááŻááşáᏠáá áşááŻááŻááťáŹá¸áážááááŹá¸á
Relative clauses áá˝áąáážáŹ preposition áá˝áąáá˛áˇ ááąááŹáááŻááąáŹáˇ áááŻááźáŻááŤá
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ď§ Tom is talking to a woman â do you know her?
áá˝ááşá áĄááťááŻá¸áááŽá¸áá áşááąáŹááşáá˛áˇ á ááŹá¸ááźáąáŹááąáááşá áááşá¸áá°áˇááᯠááááŹá¸á
Do you know the woman (who/that) Tome is talking to? (to áááşáˇááŻáśááąá¸ááᯠáááŻá ááŻááşááŤ)
áá˝ááşáá˛áˇá ááŹá¸ááźáąáŹááąáá˛áˇ áĄááťááŻá¸áááŽá¸ááᯠáááşá¸ááááŹá¸á
ď§ I slept in a bed last night â it wasnât very comfortable.
áááąáˇáááŻááşá¸á áĄáááşááŹáá áşááŻáážáŹ áĄáááşáá˛áˇáááşá áĄá˛ááŤá ááááşááźáŽá¸ áááşááąáŹááşáˇáááşáᏠááážááá°á¸á
The bed (that/which) I slept in last night wasnât very comfortable. (in áááşáˇááŻáśááąá¸ áááŻá ááŻááş)
áááąáˇáá ááŤáĄáááşáá˛áˇáá˛áˇ áĄáááşááŹá ááááşááźáŽá¸ áááşááąáŹááşáˇáááşáᏠááážááá°á¸á
áááźáŹá¸áĽáááŹáá˝áą áááşááźááşáˇááŤáŚá¸á
ď§ Are these the books you were looking for? (or) ⌠the books that/which you were âŚ
áááşá¸áážáŹááąáᏠááŽá áŹáĄáŻááşáá˝áąááŹá¸á
ď§ The woman he fell in love with left him after a month. (or) The woman who/that he âŚ
áá°ááťá áşááźááŻááşáá˛áˇáá˛áˇ áĄááťááŻá¸áááŽá¸á áá áşááĄááźáŹáážáŹ áá°áˇááᯠááŹá¸áá áşáá˛áˇáááşá
ď§ The man I was sitting next to on a plane talked all the time. (or) The man who/which I was sitting next to âŚ
ááąááŹááşááąáŤáşáážáŹ ááŤáá˛áˇáááşááťááşáááŻááşááąáá˛áˇ áá°á áá áşááťáááşááŻáśá¸ á ááŹá¸ááźáąáŹááŹáá˛áˇáááşá
What ááᯠáááşáááŻááąááŹáážáŹ ááŻáśá¸áááᲠááźáąáŹáá˛áˇááźáŽá¸ááźáŽááąáŹáşá ááŽáááŻááŤááťáá˝áąáážáŹááąáŹáˇ what ááᯠáááŻáśá¸áááŻááşááŤáá°á¸á
ď§ Everything (that) they said was true. (not Everything what they said)
áá°áááŻáˇááźáąáŹáá˛áˇáááťáž áĄááŹáááŻááşá¸á áážááşááŤáááşá
ď§ I gave her all the money (that) I had. (not all the money what I had)
ááŤáˇáážáŹáážááá˛áˇ áááŻááşááśáá˝áąáĄáŹá¸ááŻáśá¸ áá°áˇáááŻááąá¸áá˛áˇáááşá
What = the thing that
What á the thing that áááŻáˇ áĄáááášááŹááşáááźáąáŹááşá¸ ááźáąáŹááźáŽá¸ááŤááźáŽá áĽáááŹááąá¸ áááşááźááşáˇááŤá
ď§ Did you hear what they said? (= the thing that they said)
áá°áááŻáˇááźáąáŹáᏠáááşá¸ááźáŹá¸áá˛áˇááŹá¸á
Sithu Htet
Ref: English Grammar in Use (Raymond Murphy)
áá˝ááşá áĄááťááŻá¸áááŽá¸áá áşááąáŹááşáá˛áˇ á ááŹá¸ááźáąáŹááąáááşá áááşá¸áá°áˇááᯠááááŹá¸á
Do you know the woman (who/that) Tome is talking to? (to áááşáˇááŻáśááąá¸ááᯠáááŻá ááŻááşááŤ)
áá˝ááşáá˛áˇá ááŹá¸ááźáąáŹááąáá˛áˇ áĄááťááŻá¸áááŽá¸ááᯠáááşá¸ááááŹá¸á
ď§ I slept in a bed last night â it wasnât very comfortable.
áááąáˇáááŻááşá¸á áĄáááşááŹáá áşááŻáážáŹ áĄáááşáá˛áˇáááşá áĄá˛ááŤá ááááşááźáŽá¸ áááşááąáŹááşáˇáááşáᏠááážááá°á¸á
The bed (that/which) I slept in last night wasnât very comfortable. (in áááşáˇááŻáśááąá¸ áááŻá ááŻááş)
áááąáˇáá ááŤáĄáááşáá˛áˇáá˛áˇ áĄáááşááŹá ááááşááźáŽá¸ áááşááąáŹááşáˇáááşáᏠááážááá°á¸á
áááźáŹá¸áĽáááŹáá˝áą áááşááźááşáˇááŤáŚá¸á
ď§ Are these the books you were looking for? (or) ⌠the books that/which you were âŚ
áááşá¸áážáŹááąáᏠááŽá áŹáĄáŻááşáá˝áąááŹá¸á
ď§ The woman he fell in love with left him after a month. (or) The woman who/that he âŚ
áá°ááťá áşááźááŻááşáá˛áˇáá˛áˇ áĄááťááŻá¸áááŽá¸á áá áşááĄááźáŹáážáŹ áá°áˇááᯠááŹá¸áá áşáá˛áˇáááşá
ď§ The man I was sitting next to on a plane talked all the time. (or) The man who/which I was sitting next to âŚ
ááąááŹááşááąáŤáşáážáŹ ááŤáá˛áˇáááşááťááşáááŻááşááąáá˛áˇ áá°á áá áşááťáááşááŻáśá¸ á ááŹá¸ááźáąáŹááŹáá˛áˇáááşá
What ááᯠáááşáááŻááąááŹáážáŹ ááŻáśá¸áááᲠááźáąáŹáá˛áˇááźáŽá¸ááźáŽááąáŹáşá ááŽáááŻááŤááťáá˝áąáážáŹááąáŹáˇ what ááᯠáááŻáśá¸áááŻááşááŤáá°á¸á
ď§ Everything (that) they said was true. (not Everything what they said)
áá°áááŻáˇááźáąáŹáá˛áˇáááťáž áĄááŹáááŻááşá¸á áážááşááŤáááşá
ď§ I gave her all the money (that) I had. (not all the money what I had)
ááŤáˇáážáŹáážááá˛áˇ áááŻááşááśáá˝áąáĄáŹá¸ááŻáśá¸ áá°áˇáááŻááąá¸áá˛áˇáááşá
What = the thing that
What á the thing that áááŻáˇ áĄáááášááŹááşáááźáąáŹááşá¸ ááźáąáŹááźáŽá¸ááŤááźáŽá áĽáááŹááąá¸ áááşááźááşáˇááŤá
ď§ Did you hear what they said? (= the thing that they said)
áá°áááŻáˇááźáąáŹáᏠáááşá¸ááźáŹá¸áá˛áˇááŹá¸á
Sithu Htet
Ref: English Grammar in Use (Raymond Murphy)
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Relative Clauses 3
áážáąáˇáĄáááŻááşá¸áá˝áąá Relative Clause áĄááźáąáŹááşá¸ áááşáááşá¸á áŹáá˝áąáážáŹ relative clause áááŻáᏠááŹáá˛á relative clause ááźá áşáĄáąáŹááş áááşáááŻááŻááşáááá˛á áááşá ááŹá¸ááŻáśá¸ááąá¸áá˝áą ááŻáśá¸ááźáŽá¸ áááşáááá˛áááŻáᏠááźáąáŹááŹáá˛áˇááźáŽááąáŹáşá ááŽáá áşá፠áááşááᯠrelative pronoun áá˝áą ááŻáśá¸ááźáŽá¸ áááşáááŻáˇáááá˛áááŻáᏠáááşááźáąáŹááŤáˇáááşá
áááááŻáśá¸áá áşááŻáĄááąáá˛áˇ whose ááᯠááźááşáˇááĄáąáŹááşá
Whose
whose áááŻááááşá¸á áááŻááşáááŻááşáážáŻ ááᯠááźáá˛áˇ á ááŹá¸ááŻáśá¸áááŻáᏠááááźáŽá¸ááąáŹááąáŤáˇá ááŻááşááźáŽá relative clauses áá˝áąáážáŹáááşá¸ whose ááᯠhis/her/their á áá˛áˇ á ááŹá¸ááŻáśá¸áá˝áąáĄá áŹá¸ ááŻáśá¸ááááşá
ááŽáĽáááŹááąá¸ááᯠááźááşáˇááĄáąáŹááşá
ď§ We saw some people â their car had broken down.
áááŻáˇá áá°áááťááŻáˇááᯠáá˝áąáˇáá˛áˇáááşá áá°áááŻáˇáá˛áˇááŹá¸á ááťááşááąáááşá
ááŽááŤááťááᯠrelative clause ááŤáá˛áˇááŤááťááźá áşáĄáąáŹááş ááźááşááźáąáŹááşá¸áá˛áˇáĄá፠their áĄá áŹá¸ whose ááŻáśá¸ááąá¸ááááşáááŻáᏠáááááŹá¸ááŤá who áááŻáˇ that áááŻáˇ ááŻáśá¸áááŻáˇ áááá°á¸á
ááŽááᯠááźááşááąá¸ááźááşáˇáááşá
ď§ We saw some people whose car had broken down.
Whose ááᯠáá°áá˝áąáĄáá˝ááş áĄááťáŹá¸áĄáŹá¸ááźááşáˇ ááŻáśá¸ááąá¸ááááşááąáŹáşá
ááá°ááŹááŤááťáá˝áąááźááşáˇááŤá
ď§ A widow is a woman whose husband is dead. (her husband is dead)
ááŻáááŻá¸ááááŻáᏠáááşáá˝ááşá¸ááŻáśá¸ááŤá¸áá˝áŹá¸áá˛áˇ áĄááťááŻá¸áááŽá¸ááźá áşááŤáááşá
ď§ What is the name of the man whose car you borrowed? (You borrowed his car)
áááşá¸ááŹá¸áážáŹá¸áá˛áˇáá˛áˇáá°áá˛áˇ ááŹáááşá ááŹáá˛á
ď§ I met someone whose brother I went to school with. (I went to school with his/her brother)
áá áşá áŻáśáá áşááąáŹááşáá˛áˇ á፠áá˝áąáˇáá˛áˇáááşá áá°áˇáĄá áşáááŻáá˛áˇ ááŤáá˛áˇ ááťáąáŹááşá¸áĄáá°áááşáá˛áˇááŹá
ááŻá whose áĄááźáąáŹááşá¸áá˝áą ááźáąáŹááąááŹááąáŹáşá ááŤáááŻááąá¸á ááŹáážááááşá áážáąáˇáááşáááşá¸á áŹáá˝áąáážáŹ ááźáąáŹáá˛áˇáá˛áˇ who áá˛áˇ áᯠwhose ááŹáá˝áŹááá˛á
ááŤááťáá˝áąáážááŻááşá¸áážááşááźááşáˇáááş ááźááşááŹááŤááááşáˇáááşá
⢠I met a man who knows you. (he knows you)
áááşá¸áááŻáááá˛áˇáá°áá˛áˇ ááŤáá˝áąáˇáá˛áˇáááşá (áá°á áááşá¸áááŻááááŹ)
⢠I met a man whose sister knows you. (his sister knows you)
áá°áˇáá˛áˇáĄá áşáá áááşá¸áááŻáááá˛áˇáá°áá˛áˇ ááŤáá˝áąáˇáá˛áˇáááşá
(ááŽáááŻáááŻááşáááŻááş ááŹááŹááźááşááąáŹáˇ ááŤááťá áááťááŻá¸ááźáŽá¸áá˛á ááŤáá°áá áşááąáŹááşáááŻáá˝áąáˇáá˛áˇáááşá áá°áˇáá˛áˇáĄá áşáá áááşá¸ááᯠáááááşá ááŽááᯠáááŻáááŻááŹááŤá ááááŹá áá°áááŻááşáá°á¸á áá°áˇáá˛áˇáĄá áşá)
Who/whose ááᯠááŹá¸áááşááąáŹááşááźáŽá whom ááᯠáá áşááťááşááźááşáˇááĄáąáŹááşá
Whom
whom is possible instead of who when it is the object of the verb in the relative clause.
Relative clause áážáŹ verb áá˛áˇ object ááźá áşááąáááşáááŻáááş who áĄá áŹá¸ whom ááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá
ď§ The woman whom I wanted to see was away.
ááŤáá˝áąáˇááťááşáá˛áˇáĄááťááŻá¸áááŽá¸á áááźáŹá¸ááąáŹááşááąáááşá
ááŽááŤááťá I wanted to see her (the woman). áááŻáˇ áááŻáááŻááťááşááŤáááşá ááŤááᯠher (the woman) á object ááąááŹáážáŹ áážááááşáááŻááşááŹá¸á ááŽáááŻááťááŻá¸ object ááąááŹáážáááŹááᯠrelative clause áážáŹ ááźáąáŹááťááşáááş whom ááŻáśá¸áááŹááŤáá˛á áááźáŹá¸ ááŤááťáá˝áąáááŻáááşá¸ áĄá˛ááŽáááŻááťááŻá¸áᲠááŹá¸áááşáá°ááŤá
You can also use whom with a preposition (to whom/ from whom/ with whom etc.)
to whom/ from whom/ with whom á áááşááźááşáˇ whom ááᯠpreposition áá˛áˇ ááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá
ď§ The people with whom I work are very nice.
ááŤáá˛áˇ áĄááŻááşááŻááşáá˛áˇ áá°áá˝áąá ááááşááąáŹááşá¸áááşá
Whom ááŻáśá¸ááŻáśáĄááźáąáŹááşá¸áá˝áąááᯠááźáąáŹááąááąáá˛áˇ áááááźáŻáááşáˇááŹááąá¸áá áşááťááşááᯠááźáąáŹááŤáŚá¸áááşá áĄááşášáááááşááᯠáĄáááşáážááşáááŻááşááŤá
But we do not often use whom in spoken English. We usually prefer who or that, or nothing.
whom ááᯠáĄááźáąáŹáĄááşášáááááşá ááŹá¸áážáŹ ááááşááŻáśá¸ááąáˇááážáááŤáá°á¸á who/that ááŤáážáááŻááş ááŹáážáááŻáśá¸áᲠááŹá¸ááŹááᯠáááŻáážá áşáááşááŤáááşáá˛áˇá
ááŤááźáąáŹááşáˇ ááŽáááŻáᲠááźáąáŹááąáˇáážáááŤáááşá
ď§ The woman I wanted to see ⌠or The woman who/that I wanted to see âŚ
ááŤáá˝áąáˇááťááşáá˛áˇ áĄááťááŻá¸áááŽá¸ âŚ
ď§ The people I work with ⌠or The people who/that I work with âŚ
ááŤáá˛áˇáĄááŻááşááŻááşáá˛áˇáá°áá˝áą âŚ
Where
You can use where in a relative clause to talk about a place.
ááąááŹáá áşááŻáĄááźáąáŹááşá¸áááŻááźáąáŹáááŻáˇ relative clause áážáŹ where ááᯠááŻáśá¸áááŻááşááŤáááşá
ď§ The restaurant where we had dinner was near the airport.
ááŤáááŻáˇ áá áŹá áŹá¸áá˛áˇáá˛áˇ á áŹá¸ááąáŹááşáááŻááşá ááąááááşááŹá¸áážáŹá
ď§ I recently went back to the town where I grew up.
ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáşááźáŽá¸ááźááşá¸ááŹáá˛áˇáá˛áˇ ááźááŻáˇááᯠáááźáŹááąá¸ááŽá ááźááşáá˝áŹá¸áá˛áˇáááşá
ď§ I would like to live in a place where there is plenty of sunshine.
ááąááąáŹááşááźááşááťáŹá¸ááťáŹá¸ááá˛áˇ ááąááŹááťááŻá¸áážáŹ ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáşááąááťááşáááşá
ááąáŹááşáááşáážááşááŹá¸á ááŹáĄááąáá˛áˇ ááŻáśááąááźáąáŹááŻáśááąá¸áá˝áą ááźááşáˇááŤá
ááŽáááŻááźáąáŹááŤááá˛áˇá
The day / the year / the time etc. ---- something happens or that something happens
ď§ Do you remember the day (that) we went to the zoo?
áááŻáˇ áááá ášááŹááşááŻáśáá˝áŹá¸áá˛áˇáá˛áˇ ááąáˇááᯠáážááşááááąá¸ááŹá¸á
ď§ The last time (that) I saw her, she looked fine.
áá°áˇááᯠááąáŹááşááŻáśá¸áĄááźáááşáá˝áąáˇááŻááşá¸á áá°ááąááąáŹááşá¸ááŻáśááŤáá˛á
áážáąáˇáĄáááŻááşá¸áá˝áąá Relative Clause áĄááźáąáŹááşá¸ áááşáááşá¸á áŹáá˝áąáážáŹ relative clause áááŻáᏠááŹáá˛á relative clause ááźá áşáĄáąáŹááş áááşáááŻááŻááşáááá˛á áááşá ááŹá¸ááŻáśá¸ááąá¸áá˝áą ááŻáśá¸ááźáŽá¸ áááşáááá˛áááŻáᏠááźáąáŹááŹáá˛áˇááźáŽááąáŹáşá ááŽáá áşá፠áááşááᯠrelative pronoun áá˝áą ááŻáśá¸ááźáŽá¸ áááşáááŻáˇáááá˛áááŻáᏠáááşááźáąáŹááŤáˇáááşá
áááááŻáśá¸áá áşááŻáĄááąáá˛áˇ whose ááᯠááźááşáˇááĄáąáŹááşá
Whose
whose áááŻááááşá¸á áááŻááşáááŻááşáážáŻ ááᯠááźáá˛áˇ á ááŹá¸ááŻáśá¸áááŻáᏠááááźáŽá¸ááąáŹááąáŤáˇá ááŻááşááźáŽá relative clauses áá˝áąáážáŹáááşá¸ whose ááᯠhis/her/their á áá˛áˇ á ááŹá¸ááŻáśá¸áá˝áąáĄá áŹá¸ ááŻáśá¸ááááşá
ááŽáĽáááŹááąá¸ááᯠááźááşáˇááĄáąáŹááşá
ď§ We saw some people â their car had broken down.
áááŻáˇá áá°áááťááŻáˇááᯠáá˝áąáˇáá˛áˇáááşá áá°áááŻáˇáá˛áˇááŹá¸á ááťááşááąáááşá
ááŽááŤááťááᯠrelative clause ááŤáá˛áˇááŤááťááźá áşáĄáąáŹááş ááźááşááźáąáŹááşá¸áá˛áˇáĄá፠their áĄá áŹá¸ whose ááŻáśá¸ááąá¸ááááşáááŻáᏠáááááŹá¸ááŤá who áááŻáˇ that áááŻáˇ ááŻáśá¸áááŻáˇ áááá°á¸á
ááŽááᯠááźááşááąá¸ááźááşáˇáááşá
ď§ We saw some people whose car had broken down.
Whose ááᯠáá°áá˝áąáĄáá˝ááş áĄááťáŹá¸áĄáŹá¸ááźááşáˇ ááŻáśá¸ááąá¸ááááşááąáŹáşá
ááá°ááŹááŤááťáá˝áąááźááşáˇááŤá
ď§ A widow is a woman whose husband is dead. (her husband is dead)
ááŻáááŻá¸ááááŻáᏠáááşáá˝ááşá¸ááŻáśá¸ááŤá¸áá˝áŹá¸áá˛áˇ áĄááťááŻá¸áááŽá¸ááźá áşááŤáááşá
ď§ What is the name of the man whose car you borrowed? (You borrowed his car)
áááşá¸ááŹá¸áážáŹá¸áá˛áˇáá˛áˇáá°áá˛áˇ ááŹáááşá ááŹáá˛á
ď§ I met someone whose brother I went to school with. (I went to school with his/her brother)
áá áşá áŻáśáá áşááąáŹááşáá˛áˇ á፠áá˝áąáˇáá˛áˇáááşá áá°áˇáĄá áşáááŻáá˛áˇ ááŤáá˛áˇ ááťáąáŹááşá¸áĄáá°áááşáá˛áˇááŹá
ááŻá whose áĄááźáąáŹááşá¸áá˝áą ááźáąáŹááąááŹááąáŹáşá ááŤáááŻááąá¸á ááŹáážááááşá áážáąáˇáááşáááşá¸á áŹáá˝áąáážáŹ ááźáąáŹáá˛áˇáá˛áˇ who áá˛áˇ áᯠwhose ááŹáá˝áŹááá˛á
ááŤááťáá˝áąáážááŻááşá¸áážááşááźááşáˇáááş ááźááşááŹááŤááááşáˇáááşá
⢠I met a man who knows you. (he knows you)
áááşá¸áááŻáááá˛áˇáá°áá˛áˇ ááŤáá˝áąáˇáá˛áˇáááşá (áá°á áááşá¸áááŻááááŹ)
⢠I met a man whose sister knows you. (his sister knows you)
áá°áˇáá˛áˇáĄá áşáá áááşá¸áááŻáááá˛áˇáá°áá˛áˇ ááŤáá˝áąáˇáá˛áˇáááşá
(ááŽáááŻáááŻááşáááŻááş ááŹááŹááźááşááąáŹáˇ ááŤááťá áááťááŻá¸ááźáŽá¸áá˛á ááŤáá°áá áşááąáŹááşáááŻáá˝áąáˇáá˛áˇáááşá áá°áˇáá˛áˇáĄá áşáá áááşá¸ááᯠáááááşá ááŽááᯠáááŻáááŻááŹááŤá ááááŹá áá°áááŻááşáá°á¸á áá°áˇáá˛áˇáĄá áşá)
Who/whose ááᯠááŹá¸áááşááąáŹááşááźáŽá whom ááᯠáá áşááťááşááźááşáˇááĄáąáŹááşá
Whom
whom is possible instead of who when it is the object of the verb in the relative clause.
Relative clause áážáŹ verb áá˛áˇ object ááźá áşááąáááşáááŻáááş who áĄá áŹá¸ whom ááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá
ď§ The woman whom I wanted to see was away.
ááŤáá˝áąáˇááťááşáá˛áˇáĄááťááŻá¸áááŽá¸á áááźáŹá¸ááąáŹááşááąáááşá
ááŽááŤááťá I wanted to see her (the woman). áááŻáˇ áááŻáááŻááťááşááŤáááşá ááŤááᯠher (the woman) á object ááąááŹáážáŹ áážááááşáááŻááşááŹá¸á ááŽáááŻááťááŻá¸ object ááąááŹáážáááŹááᯠrelative clause áážáŹ ááźáąáŹááťááşáááş whom ááŻáśá¸áááŹááŤáá˛á áááźáŹá¸ ááŤááťáá˝áąáááŻáááşá¸ áĄá˛ááŽáááŻááťááŻá¸áᲠááŹá¸áááşáá°ááŤá
You can also use whom with a preposition (to whom/ from whom/ with whom etc.)
to whom/ from whom/ with whom á áááşááźááşáˇ whom ááᯠpreposition áá˛áˇ ááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá
ď§ The people with whom I work are very nice.
ááŤáá˛áˇ áĄááŻááşááŻááşáá˛áˇ áá°áá˝áąá ááááşááąáŹááşá¸áááşá
Whom ááŻáśá¸ááŻáśáĄááźáąáŹááşá¸áá˝áąááᯠááźáąáŹááąááąáá˛áˇ áááááźáŻáááşáˇááŹááąá¸áá áşááťááşááᯠááźáąáŹááŤáŚá¸áááşá áĄááşášáááááşááᯠáĄáááşáážááşáááŻááşááŤá
But we do not often use whom in spoken English. We usually prefer who or that, or nothing.
whom ááᯠáĄááźáąáŹáĄááşášáááááşá ááŹá¸áážáŹ ááááşááŻáśá¸ááąáˇááážáááŤáá°á¸á who/that ááŤáážáááŻááş ááŹáážáááŻáśá¸áᲠááŹá¸ááŹááᯠáááŻáážá áşáááşááŤáááşáá˛áˇá
ááŤááźáąáŹááşáˇ ááŽáááŻáᲠááźáąáŹááąáˇáážáááŤáááşá
ď§ The woman I wanted to see ⌠or The woman who/that I wanted to see âŚ
ááŤáá˝áąáˇááťááşáá˛áˇ áĄááťááŻá¸áááŽá¸ âŚ
ď§ The people I work with ⌠or The people who/that I work with âŚ
ááŤáá˛áˇáĄááŻááşááŻááşáá˛áˇáá°áá˝áą âŚ
Where
You can use where in a relative clause to talk about a place.
ááąááŹáá áşááŻáĄááźáąáŹááşá¸áááŻááźáąáŹáááŻáˇ relative clause áážáŹ where ááᯠááŻáśá¸áááŻááşááŤáááşá
ď§ The restaurant where we had dinner was near the airport.
ááŤáááŻáˇ áá áŹá áŹá¸áá˛áˇáá˛áˇ á áŹá¸ááąáŹááşáááŻááşá ááąááááşááŹá¸áážáŹá
ď§ I recently went back to the town where I grew up.
ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáşááźáŽá¸ááźááşá¸ááŹáá˛áˇáá˛áˇ ááźááŻáˇááᯠáááźáŹááąá¸ááŽá ááźááşáá˝áŹá¸áá˛áˇáááşá
ď§ I would like to live in a place where there is plenty of sunshine.
ááąááąáŹááşááźááşááťáŹá¸ááťáŹá¸ááá˛áˇ ááąááŹááťááŻá¸áážáŹ ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáşááąááťááşáááşá
ááąáŹááşáááşáážááşááŹá¸á ááŹáĄááąáá˛áˇ ááŻáśááąááźáąáŹááŻáśááąá¸áá˝áą ááźááşáˇááŤá
ááŽáááŻááźáąáŹááŤááá˛áˇá
The day / the year / the time etc. ---- something happens or that something happens
ď§ Do you remember the day (that) we went to the zoo?
áááŻáˇ áááá ášááŹááşááŻáśáá˝áŹá¸áá˛áˇáá˛áˇ ááąáˇááᯠáážááşááááąá¸ááŹá¸á
ď§ The last time (that) I saw her, she looked fine.
áá°áˇááᯠááąáŹááşááŻáśá¸áĄááźáááşáá˝áąáˇááŻááşá¸á áá°ááąááąáŹááşá¸ááŻáśááŤáá˛á
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ď§ I havenât seen them since the year (that) they got married.
áá°áááŻáˇáááşáááşááźáŽá¸áá˛áˇ áážá áşááááşá¸á ááŤáá°áááŻáˇááᯠááá˝áąáˇááźá áşááąáŹáˇáá°á¸á
áááşááźáŽá¸ áážááşááŹá¸ááŤáŚá¸á ááŽááŻáśá áśááąá¸ááŤá
The reason something happens or that/why something happens
ď§ The reason Iâm phoning you is to ask your advice.
ď§ (or The reason that Iâm phoning / The reason why Iâm phoning)
áááşááťáŹá¸ááŽááᯠááťá˝ááşááąáŹáşááŻááşá¸áááşááá˛áˇáĄááźáąáŹááşá¸áááąáŹáˇ áááşááťáŹá¸áá˛áˇ áĄááźáśááŹááşááąáŹááşá¸áááŻáˇááŤá
áĄááťááşá¸ááťáŻááşááźáŽá¸ ááźááşááźááşáˇááĄáąáŹááşá
(1) relative clauses áá˝áąáážáŹ whose ááᯠhis/her/their á áá˛áˇ á ááŹá¸ááŻáśá¸áá˝áąáĄá áŹá¸ ááŻáśá¸ááááşá Whose ááᯠáá°áá˝áąáĄáá˝ááş áĄááťáŹá¸áĄáŹá¸ááźááşáˇ ááŻáśá¸áááşá
(2) Relative clause áážáŹ verb áá˛áˇ object ááźá áşááąáááşáááŻáááş who áĄá áŹá¸ whom ááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá to whom/ from whom/ with whom á áááşááźááşáˇáááşá¸ whom ááᯠpreposition áá˛áˇ ááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá whom ááᯠáĄááźáąáŹáĄááşášáááááşá ááŹá¸áážáŹ ááááşááŻáśá¸ááąáˇááąáŹáˇ ááážááá°á¸á who/that ááŤáážáááŻááş ááŹáážáááŻáśá¸áᲠááŹá¸ááŹááᯠáááŻáážá áşáááşááźáááşá
(3) ááąááŹáá áşááŻáĄááźáąáŹááşá¸áááŻááźáąáŹáááŻáˇ relative clause áážáŹ where ááᯠááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá
(4) The day / the year / the time etc. ---- something happens or that something happens ááŻáśá áśááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá
(5) The reason something happens or that/why something happens ááŻáśá áś ááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá
Ref: English Grammar in Use (Raymond Murphy)
áá°áááŻáˇáááşáááşááźáŽá¸áá˛áˇ áážá áşááááşá¸á ááŤáá°áááŻáˇááᯠááá˝áąáˇááźá áşááąáŹáˇáá°á¸á
áááşááźáŽá¸ áážááşááŹá¸ááŤáŚá¸á ááŽááŻáśá áśááąá¸ááŤá
The reason something happens or that/why something happens
ď§ The reason Iâm phoning you is to ask your advice.
ď§ (or The reason that Iâm phoning / The reason why Iâm phoning)
áááşááťáŹá¸ááŽááᯠááťá˝ááşááąáŹáşááŻááşá¸áááşááá˛áˇáĄááźáąáŹááşá¸áááąáŹáˇ áááşááťáŹá¸áá˛áˇ áĄááźáśááŹááşááąáŹááşá¸áááŻáˇááŤá
áĄááťááşá¸ááťáŻááşááźáŽá¸ ááźááşááźááşáˇááĄáąáŹááşá
(1) relative clauses áá˝áąáážáŹ whose ááᯠhis/her/their á áá˛áˇ á ááŹá¸ááŻáśá¸áá˝áąáĄá áŹá¸ ááŻáśá¸ááááşá Whose ááᯠáá°áá˝áąáĄáá˝ááş áĄááťáŹá¸áĄáŹá¸ááźááşáˇ ááŻáśá¸áááşá
(2) Relative clause áážáŹ verb áá˛áˇ object ááźá áşááąáááşáááŻáááş who áĄá áŹá¸ whom ááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá to whom/ from whom/ with whom á áááşááźááşáˇáááşá¸ whom ááᯠpreposition áá˛áˇ ááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá whom ááᯠáĄááźáąáŹáĄááşášáááááşá ááŹá¸áážáŹ ááááşááŻáśá¸ááąáˇááąáŹáˇ ááážááá°á¸á who/that ááŤáážáááŻááş ááŹáážáááŻáśá¸áᲠááŹá¸ááŹááᯠáááŻáážá áşáááşááźáááşá
(3) ááąááŹáá áşááŻáĄááźáąáŹááşá¸áááŻááźáąáŹáááŻáˇ relative clause áážáŹ where ááᯠááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá
(4) The day / the year / the time etc. ---- something happens or that something happens ááŻáśá áśááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá
(5) The reason something happens or that/why something happens ááŻáśá áś ááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá
Ref: English Grammar in Use (Raymond Murphy)
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Relative Clauses 4
Relative clause á áážá áşááťááŻá¸áážááááşá ááŽáĄáááŻááşá¸ á ááşá¸ááťááşá¸áá˝áąááᯠáĄáááşááźáąáŹáá˝áŹá¸ááŹáááşá áŹáááş ááá°ááŹááŤááťááąá¸áá˝áąááźááşáˇá ááŹá¸áááşáĄáąáŹááş ááŻááşááźáŽá¸ááž ááźáąáŹáş ááŤááźáąáŹááşáˇ ááŽáááŻáážááşáááŹááŤááŹá¸áááŻáˇ áááąáŹááąáŤááşáááş áááŻááąáŹááşá¸áááşáááŻáˇ áá°áááááŤáááşá ááŤááźáąáŹááşáˇ ááá°ááŹááŤááťáá˝áą áážááŻááşá¸áážááş áááşááźááşáˇááĄáąáŹááşá
Type 1
ď§ The woman who lives next door is a doctor.
ááąá¸áĄáááşáážáŹááąáá˛áˇáĄááťááŻá¸áááŽá¸á áááŹáááşáá áşááąáŹááşááźá áşáááşá
ááŽááŤááťááᯠááąáŹáᎠááŤááťáá˛áˇ áážááŻááşá¸áážááşáááşááŤáŚá¸á
Type 2
ď§ My brother Rob, who lives in Australia, is a doctor.
ááźá ááąá¸ááťáážáŹááąáá˛áˇ ááŤáˇáá˛áˇáĄá áşááᯠááąáŹáˇááşá áááŹáááşáá áşááąáŹááşááźá áşáááşá
ááŽááŤááťáážá áşááźáąáŹááşá¸ ááŹáá˝áŹáᲠáááááŹá¸ááááŹá¸á ááááááŹá¸ááááąá¸áá°á¸áááŻáááşá¸ ááááşá áĽáááŹáá˝áą áááşááźááşáˇáááşá
Type 1
ď§ Barbara works for a company that makes furniture.
ááŹáááŹá áááááąáŹááá˝áąááŻááşáá˛áˇ ááŻáášáááŽáážáŹ áĄááŻááşááŻááşáááşá
Type 2
ď§ Colin told me about his new job, which heâs enjoying very much.
ááąáŹáááşá¸á áá°áĄááŻááááşáááąáŹááťááąáá˛áˇ áá°áˇáá˛áˇáĄááŻááşáĄáá áşáĄááźáąáŹááşá¸ááᯠááŤáˇáááŻááźáąáŹááźáááşá
Type 1
ď§ We stayed at the hotel (that) you recommended.
áááşá¸ááąáŹááşááśáá˛áˇáá˛áˇ áááŻáááşáážáŹ áááŻáˇáááşá¸áá˛áˇáááşá
Type 2
ď§ We stayed at the Park Hotel, which a friend of ours recommended.
áááŻáˇáá°áááşááťááşá¸áá áşááąáŹááş ááąáŹááşááśáá˛áˇáá˛áˇ ááŤáˇááşáááŻáááşáážáŹ ááŤáááŻáˇ áááşá¸áá˛áˇáááşá
Type 1 áážáŹááźáąáŹááŹá¸áá˛áˇ áĽáááŹááŤááťáá˝áąáážáŹ relative clause á áááşáá° / áááşáĄáᏠ(ááŤáážáááŻááş áááşáááŻáá°ááťááŻá¸á áááşáĄááŹááťááŻá¸) ááᯠááźáąáŹáá˛áˇáá°á áááşáá˝ážááşá¸ááąáá˛áááŻáᏠááźáąáŹááźááŤááá˛áˇá
ááŤááťáá˝áąááᯠááźááşááźááşáˇááźáááşá
The woman who lives next door âŚáááŻáá˛áˇ ááŤááťáážáŹ who lives next door áááŻáá˛áˇ relative clause áᏠáááŤáááş áááşáĄááťááŻá¸áááŽá¸ááᯠááźáąáŹááąáááşáááŻáᏠááŹá¸áááşáááŻááşááŹá¸á áááşááŹá¸áááşááŤáˇááá˛á ááŤááźáąáŹááşáˇ who lives next door áááŻáá˛áˇ relative clause á áááşáĄááťááŻá¸áááŽá¸áááŻááŹááᯠááźáąáŹááźááąá¸áááşá
A company that makes furniture ⌠áááŻáá˛áˇ ááŤááťááąáŹá áá°áááşá¸ ááŽáááŻáá˛á that makes furniture áááŻáá˛áˇ relative clause á áááşááŻáášáááŽáááşá¸ áááŻáᏠááźáąáŹááźááąá¸áááşá
The hotel (that) you recommended ⌠áááŻáá˛áˇ ááŤááťáážáŹááąáŹáˇ (that) you recommended á áááşáááŻáááşáᲠáááŻáᏠááźáąáŹááźááąá¸áááşá
ááŽááŤááťáá˝áąááᯠááąááąááťáŹááťáŹááąáˇááŹááźááşáˇáááşáááŻáááş áĄááąá¸ááźáŽá¸áá˛áˇ áĄááťááşáá áşááťááşááᯠááźááşáááŻááşááááşáˇáááşá áĄááşášáááááşáááŻááąá¸ áĄáááş áážááşááŹá¸ááŤá
We do not use commas (,) with these clauses.
áᎠclauses áá˝áąáá˛áˇ ááąáŹáşáᏠ(,) áááŻáśá¸ááŤáá°á¸á
ď§ We know a lot of people who live in London.
áááşáááşáážáŹááąáá˛áˇ áá°áá˝áąáĄááťáŹá¸ááźáŽá¸ááᯠáááŻáˇáááááşá
ááŽááŤááťááᯠááźááşáˇááŤá who live in London á áááşáá°áá˝áąáá˛áááŻáᏠááźáąáŹááźááąá¸áá˛áˇ relative clause ááąáŤáˇá comma ááááşáˇááᏠááźááşáááşááąáŹáşá
Type 2 áážáŹ ááŤáá˛áˇ áĽáááŹáá˝áąáážáŹááąáŹáˇ relative clauses á áááşáá°á áááşáĄááŹááᯠááźáąáŹáá°á áááŻáááŻáááşáááŻáᏠáááźáąáŹááźááąáŹáˇáá°á¸á áááşáá°á áááşáĄááŹááᯠáááŻáááŻáááşáááŻáᏠááááźáŽá¸ááźáŽá
Type 2 á ááá°ááŹááŤááťáá˝áąáážáŹááŤáá˛áˇ My brother Rob, who ⌠áááŻáááş áĄá ááááşá¸á ááŤáˇáĄá áşááᯠááąáŹáˇááşáááŻáˇ ááźáąáŹááŤáááşáááŻááž áááşáá°áááşááŤáááŻáᏠáááşááźáąáŹááźáááŻáˇ áááŻááŤáˇáááŹá¸á ááąáŹááşááźáŽá¸ Colin told me about his new job, which ⌠áááŻáˇ ááźáąáŹááąáážááąáŹáˇ ááąáŹáááşá¸áá˛áˇáĄááŻááşáážááşá¸ááááąááźáŽá¸ááŹá¸áá˛á ááŹáááŻáˇ áááşááźáąáŹááąá áᏠáááŻááá˛á We stayed at the Park Hotel, which ⌠áááŻáá˛áˇ ááŤááťáážáŹáááşá¸ ááŤáˇááşáááŻáááş áááŻáᏠááááąááźáŽááąá relative clause á áááşááźáąáŹá ááŹááááŻáá°á¸á
ááŤáááŻáááş ááŽááŤááťáá˝áąáá˛áážáŹááŤáá˛áˇ relative clause áá˝áąá ááŹááŻááşááąááŹáá˛á áá°áááŻáˇá áĄáááŻáĄááťááşáĄáááşáá˝áąááᯠááąá¸ááąááŹááŤá áĄá˛ááŽáá°á áĄááŹááášááŻáá˛áˇ áááşáááşáá˛áˇ áĄáááŻáĄááťááşáĄáááşáá˝áą ááąá¸ááąááŹááąáŤáˇá
áĄááşášáááááşááᯠáážááşááŹá¸ááźáááşá
The relative clauses in these sentences give us extra information about the person or thing.
ááŽááŤááťáá˝áąáážáŹááŤáá˛áˇ relative clauses áá˝áąá áĄá˛ááŽáá°á áĄááŹááášááŻáá˝áąáá˛áˇ áááşáááşáá˛áˇ áĄáááŻáĄááťááşáĄáááşáá˝áąááᯠááąá¸ááŤáááşá
ááąáŹááşáááşáááááŹá¸áááşáˇáá˛áˇ áĄááťááşáááąá¸áááŻáááşá¸ áážááşááŹá¸ááĄáąáŹááşá
We use commas (,) with these clauses.
áĄá˛áᎠclauses áá˝áąáá˛áˇ ááąáŹáşáᏠááŻáśá¸áááŤáááşá
ááŽááŤááťáážáŹ ááąáŹáşááŹáá˝áą ááŻáśá¸ááŹá¸ááŻáśááᯠáááááŹá¸ááźááşáˇááŤá
ď§ My brother Rob, who lives in London, is a doctor.
áááşáááşáážáŹááąáá˛áˇ ááŤáˇáá˛áˇáĄá áşááᯠááąáŹáˇááşá áááŹáááşáá áşááąáŹááşááźá áşáááşá
ááááşáˇáááşááźáŽá¸ áážááşááŹá¸ááźáááşá áĄáá áşááážááşáááş ááááŹá¸ááŹáá˝áą áĄáááşááźááşáá˝ážáąá¸ááĄáąáŹááşá
ď§ áá°ááᯠáááşáá˝ážááşá¸áááŻáˇ áááŻáááş who áá˛áˇ that áááŻááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááş
ď§ áĄááŹááášááŻáá˝áąááᯠáááşáá˝ážááşá¸áááŻáˇ which áá˛áˇ that áááŻááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá
ááŤáá˝áą ááááźáŽá¸ááŹá¸ááąáŹáşá ááŻááşááźáŽá¸ áᯠáĄáá áşáááşáážááşááźáááşá
⼠Type 1 áážáŹ that ááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá
ď§ Do you know anyone who/that speaks French and Italian?
ááźááşáá áşá ááŹá¸ááąáŹ áĄáŽáááŽá ááŹá¸ááŤááźáąáŹáááŻááşáá˛áˇáá°áá áşááąáŹááşááąáŹááşááᯠáááşááťáŹá¸áááááŹá¸á (who áĄááźááş that áááşá¸ ááŻáśá¸áááŻáˇ ááááşááąáŹáş)
ď§ Barbara works for a company which/that makes furniture.
ááŹáááŹá áááááąáŹááá˝áąááŻááşáá˛áˇ ááŻáášáááŽáážáŹ áĄááŻááşááŻááşáááşá
Relative clause á áážá áşááťááŻá¸áážááááşá ááŽáĄáááŻááşá¸ á ááşá¸ááťááşá¸áá˝áąááᯠáĄáááşááźáąáŹáá˝áŹá¸ááŹáááşá áŹáááş ááá°ááŹááŤááťááąá¸áá˝áąááźááşáˇá ááŹá¸áááşáĄáąáŹááş ááŻááşááźáŽá¸ááž ááźáąáŹáş ááŤááźáąáŹááşáˇ ááŽáááŻáážááşáááŹááŤááŹá¸áááŻáˇ áááąáŹááąáŤááşáááş áááŻááąáŹááşá¸áááşáááŻáˇ áá°áááááŤáááşá ááŤááźáąáŹááşáˇ ááá°ááŹááŤááťáá˝áą áážááŻááşá¸áážááş áááşááźááşáˇááĄáąáŹááşá
Type 1
ď§ The woman who lives next door is a doctor.
ááąá¸áĄáááşáážáŹááąáá˛áˇáĄááťááŻá¸áááŽá¸á áááŹáááşáá áşááąáŹááşááźá áşáááşá
ááŽááŤááťááᯠááąáŹáᎠááŤááťáá˛áˇ áážááŻááşá¸áážááşáááşááŤáŚá¸á
Type 2
ď§ My brother Rob, who lives in Australia, is a doctor.
ááźá ááąá¸ááťáážáŹááąáá˛áˇ ááŤáˇáá˛áˇáĄá áşááᯠááąáŹáˇááşá áááŹáááşáá áşááąáŹááşááźá áşáááşá
ááŽááŤááťáážá áşááźáąáŹááşá¸ ááŹáá˝áŹáᲠáááááŹá¸ááááŹá¸á ááááááŹá¸ááááąá¸áá°á¸áááŻáááşá¸ ááááşá áĽáááŹáá˝áą áááşááźááşáˇáááşá
Type 1
ď§ Barbara works for a company that makes furniture.
ááŹáááŹá áááááąáŹááá˝áąááŻááşáá˛áˇ ááŻáášáááŽáážáŹ áĄááŻááşááŻááşáááşá
Type 2
ď§ Colin told me about his new job, which heâs enjoying very much.
ááąáŹáááşá¸á áá°áĄááŻááááşáááąáŹááťááąáá˛áˇ áá°áˇáá˛áˇáĄááŻááşáĄáá áşáĄááźáąáŹááşá¸ááᯠááŤáˇáááŻááźáąáŹááźáááşá
Type 1
ď§ We stayed at the hotel (that) you recommended.
áááşá¸ááąáŹááşááśáá˛áˇáá˛áˇ áááŻáááşáážáŹ áááŻáˇáááşá¸áá˛áˇáááşá
Type 2
ď§ We stayed at the Park Hotel, which a friend of ours recommended.
áááŻáˇáá°áááşááťááşá¸áá áşááąáŹááş ááąáŹááşááśáá˛áˇáá˛áˇ ááŤáˇááşáááŻáááşáážáŹ ááŤáááŻáˇ áááşá¸áá˛áˇáááşá
Type 1 áážáŹááźáąáŹááŹá¸áá˛áˇ áĽáááŹááŤááťáá˝áąáážáŹ relative clause á áááşáá° / áááşáĄáᏠ(ááŤáážáááŻááş áááşáááŻáá°ááťááŻá¸á áááşáĄááŹááťááŻá¸) ááᯠááźáąáŹáá˛áˇáá°á áááşáá˝ážááşá¸ááąáá˛áááŻáᏠááźáąáŹááźááŤááá˛áˇá
ááŤááťáá˝áąááᯠááźááşááźááşáˇááźáááşá
The woman who lives next door âŚáááŻáá˛áˇ ááŤááťáážáŹ who lives next door áááŻáá˛áˇ relative clause áᏠáááŤáááş áááşáĄááťááŻá¸áááŽá¸ááᯠááźáąáŹááąáááşáááŻáᏠááŹá¸áááşáááŻááşááŹá¸á áááşááŹá¸áááşááŤáˇááá˛á ááŤááźáąáŹááşáˇ who lives next door áááŻáá˛áˇ relative clause á áááşáĄááťááŻá¸áááŽá¸áááŻááŹááᯠááźáąáŹááźááąá¸áááşá
A company that makes furniture ⌠áááŻáá˛áˇ ááŤááťááąáŹá áá°áááşá¸ ááŽáááŻáá˛á that makes furniture áááŻáá˛áˇ relative clause á áááşááŻáášáááŽáááşá¸ áááŻáᏠááźáąáŹááźááąá¸áááşá
The hotel (that) you recommended ⌠áááŻáá˛áˇ ááŤááťáážáŹááąáŹáˇ (that) you recommended á áááşáááŻáááşáᲠáááŻáᏠááźáąáŹááźááąá¸áááşá
ááŽááŤááťáá˝áąááᯠááąááąááťáŹááťáŹááąáˇááŹááźááşáˇáááşáááŻáááş áĄááąá¸ááźáŽá¸áá˛áˇ áĄááťááşáá áşááťááşááᯠááźááşáááŻááşááááşáˇáááşá áĄááşášáááááşáááŻááąá¸ áĄáááş áážááşááŹá¸ááŤá
We do not use commas (,) with these clauses.
áᎠclauses áá˝áąáá˛áˇ ááąáŹáşáᏠ(,) áááŻáśá¸ááŤáá°á¸á
ď§ We know a lot of people who live in London.
áááşáááşáážáŹááąáá˛áˇ áá°áá˝áąáĄááťáŹá¸ááźáŽá¸ááᯠáááŻáˇáááááşá
ááŽááŤááťááᯠááźááşáˇááŤá who live in London á áááşáá°áá˝áąáá˛áááŻáᏠááźáąáŹááźááąá¸áá˛áˇ relative clause ááąáŤáˇá comma ááááşáˇááᏠááźááşáááşááąáŹáşá
Type 2 áážáŹ ááŤáá˛áˇ áĽáááŹáá˝áąáážáŹááąáŹáˇ relative clauses á áááşáá°á áááşáĄááŹááᯠááźáąáŹáá°á áááŻáááŻáááşáááŻáᏠáááźáąáŹááźááąáŹáˇáá°á¸á áááşáá°á áááşáĄááŹááᯠáááŻáááŻáááşáááŻáᏠááááźáŽá¸ááźáŽá
Type 2 á ááá°ááŹááŤááťáá˝áąáážáŹááŤáá˛áˇ My brother Rob, who ⌠áááŻáááş áĄá ááááşá¸á ááŤáˇáĄá áşááᯠááąáŹáˇááşáááŻáˇ ááźáąáŹááŤáááşáááŻááž áááşáá°áááşááŤáááŻáᏠáááşááźáąáŹááźáááŻáˇ áááŻááŤáˇáááŹá¸á ááąáŹááşááźáŽá¸ Colin told me about his new job, which ⌠áááŻáˇ ááźáąáŹááąáážááąáŹáˇ ááąáŹáááşá¸áá˛áˇáĄááŻááşáážááşá¸ááááąááźáŽá¸ááŹá¸áá˛á ááŹáááŻáˇ áááşááźáąáŹááąá áᏠáááŻááá˛á We stayed at the Park Hotel, which ⌠áááŻáá˛áˇ ááŤááťáážáŹáááşá¸ ááŤáˇááşáááŻáááş áááŻáᏠááááąááźáŽááąá relative clause á áááşááźáąáŹá ááŹááááŻáá°á¸á
ááŤáááŻáááş ááŽááŤááťáá˝áąáá˛áážáŹááŤáá˛áˇ relative clause áá˝áąá ááŹááŻááşááąááŹáá˛á áá°áááŻáˇá áĄáááŻáĄááťááşáĄáááşáá˝áąááᯠááąá¸ááąááŹááŤá áĄá˛ááŽáá°á áĄááŹááášááŻáá˛áˇ áááşáááşáá˛áˇ áĄáááŻáĄááťááşáĄáááşáá˝áą ááąá¸ááąááŹááąáŤáˇá
áĄááşášáááááşááᯠáážááşááŹá¸ááźáááşá
The relative clauses in these sentences give us extra information about the person or thing.
ááŽááŤááťáá˝áąáážáŹááŤáá˛áˇ relative clauses áá˝áąá áĄá˛ááŽáá°á áĄááŹááášááŻáá˝áąáá˛áˇ áááşáááşáá˛áˇ áĄáááŻáĄááťááşáĄáááşáá˝áąááᯠááąá¸ááŤáááşá
ááąáŹááşáááşáááááŹá¸áááşáˇáá˛áˇ áĄááťááşáááąá¸áááŻáááşá¸ áážááşááŹá¸ááĄáąáŹááşá
We use commas (,) with these clauses.
áĄá˛áᎠclauses áá˝áąáá˛áˇ ááąáŹáşáᏠááŻáśá¸áááŤáááşá
ááŽááŤááťáážáŹ ááąáŹáşááŹáá˝áą ááŻáśá¸ááŹá¸ááŻáśááᯠáááááŹá¸ááźááşáˇááŤá
ď§ My brother Rob, who lives in London, is a doctor.
áááşáááşáážáŹááąáá˛áˇ ááŤáˇáá˛áˇáĄá áşááᯠááąáŹáˇááşá áááŹáááşáá áşááąáŹááşááźá áşáááşá
ááááşáˇáááşááźáŽá¸ áážááşááŹá¸ááźáááşá áĄáá áşááážááşáááş ááááŹá¸ááŹáá˝áą áĄáááşááźááşáá˝ážáąá¸ááĄáąáŹááşá
ď§ áá°ááᯠáááşáá˝ážááşá¸áááŻáˇ áááŻáááş who áá˛áˇ that áááŻááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááş
ď§ áĄááŹááášááŻáá˝áąááᯠáááşáá˝ážááşá¸áááŻáˇ which áá˛áˇ that áááŻááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá
ááŤáá˝áą ááááźáŽá¸ááŹá¸ááąáŹáşá ááŻááşááźáŽá¸ áᯠáĄáá áşáááşáážááşááźáááşá
⼠Type 1 áážáŹ that ááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá
ď§ Do you know anyone who/that speaks French and Italian?
ááźááşáá áşá ááŹá¸ááąáŹ áĄáŽáááŽá ááŹá¸ááŤááźáąáŹáááŻááşáá˛áˇáá°áá áşááąáŹááşááąáŹááşááᯠáááşááťáŹá¸áááááŹá¸á (who áĄááźááş that áááşá¸ ááŻáśá¸áááŻáˇ ááááşááąáŹáş)
ď§ Barbara works for a company which/that makes furniture.
ááŹáááŹá áááááąáŹááá˝áąááŻááşáá˛áˇ ááŻáášáááŽáážáŹ áĄááŻááşááŻááşáááşá
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⼠Type 2 áážáŹ that áááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáá°á¸á
ď§ John, who (not that) speaks French and Italian, works as a tourist guide.
ááźááşáá áşá ááŹá¸ááąáŹ áĄáŽáááŽá ááŹá¸ááŤááźáąáŹáááşáá˛áˇ ááťá˝ááşá á§ááşáˇáááşá¸áá˝ážááşáĄááźá áş áĄááŻááşááŻááşáááşá
ď§ Colin told me about his new job, which (not that) heâs enjoying very much.
ááąáŹáááşá¸á áá°ááááşáááąáŹááťááąáá˛áˇ áĄááŻááşáá áşáĄááźáąáŹááşá¸ ááźáąáŹááźáááşá
⼠Type 1 áážáŹ who/which/that áááŻáˇá object ááźá áşááąáá˛áˇáĄááŤáážáŹ ááťááşááŹá¸áá˛áˇáááŻáˇááááşá
ď§ We stayed at the hotel (that/which) you recommended.
áááşá¸ááąáŹááşááśáá˛áˇáá˛áˇ áááŻáááşáážáŹ áááŻáˇáááşá¸áá˛áˇáááşá
ď§ This morning I met somebody (who/that) I hadnât seen for ages.
ááŽááááş ááŤááá˝áąáˇáááŹááźáŹáá˛áˇ áá áşááąáŹááşááąáŹááşáá˛áˇ áá˝áąáˇáá˛áˇáááşá
⼠ááŽááᯠclause ááťááŻá¸áážáŹ whom ááᯠááŻáśá¸ááąáˇááážáááŤáá°á¸á
Type 1 áĄááźáąáŹááşá¸ ááááźáŽá¸ááźáŽáááŻáááş Type 2 áá˛áˇ áážááŻááşá¸áážááşááźááşáˇááĄáąáŹááşá
⼠Type 2 áážáŹ who áááŻáˇ which áááŻáˇ ááťááşááŹá¸áá˛áˇáááŻáˇ ááááŤáá°á¸á
ď§ We stayed at the Park Hotel, which a friend of ours recommended.
áááŻáˇáá˛áˇ áá°áááşááťááşá¸áá áşááąáŹááş ááąáŹááşááśáá˛áˇáá˛áˇ ááŤáˇááşáááŻáááşáážáŹ áááŻáˇáááşá¸áá˛áˇáááşá
ď§ This morning I met Chris, who I hadnât seen for ages.
ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáşáá˛áˇ ááá˝áąáˇááᏠááźáŹááźáŽááźá áşáá˛áˇ ááá ášá áá˛áˇ ááŽááááşáá˝áąáˇáá˛áˇáááşá
⼠áá°áá˝áąáĄáá˝ááş whom ááᯠ(object ááźá áşááąáááş) ááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá
ď§ This morning I met Chris, whom I hadnât seen for ages.
ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáşáá˛áˇ ááá˝áąáˇááᏠááźáŹááźáŽááźá áşáá˛áˇ ááá ášá áá˛áˇ ááŽááááşáá˝áąáˇáá˛áˇáááşá
⼠áᎠrelative clause áážá áşááŻá ááŻáśá¸áážáŹ whose áá˛áˇ where ááᯠááŻáśá¸áááŻááşááŤáááşá
Type 1
ď§ We met some people whose car had broken.
ááŹá¸ááťááşáá˝áŹá¸áá˛áˇ áá°áá˝áąááᯠáááŻáˇáá˝áąáˇáá˛áˇáááşá
ď§ Whatâs the name of the place where you went on holiday?
ď§ áĄáŹá¸áááşáááşá áááşá¸áá˝áŹá¸áá˛áˇáá˛áˇ ááąááŹáá˛áˇ ááŹáááşá ááŹáá˛á
Type 2
ď§ Liz, whose car had broken down, was in a very bad mood.
ááŹá¸ááťááşáá˝áŹá¸áá˛áˇ áá áşááşá á áááşáááťááşá¸áááŹááźá áşááąáááşá
ď§ Jill has been to Sweden, where her daughter lives.
ááťáąááşá áá°áˇáá˛áˇáááŽá¸ááąáá˛áˇ áá˝áŽáááşááᯠááąáŹááşáá°á¸ááźáŽá
ááŽáážáŹááąáŹáˇ type 1 / type 2 á áááşááźááşáˇ áĄáá˝ááşáážááşáááŻááşáĄáąáŹááş ááźáąáŹááŹááąáŤáˇááąá type 1 ááᯠdefining clause / restricted clause á áááşááźááşáˇ ááąáŤáşáááŻááşáááᯠtype 2 ááᯠnon-defining clause / unrestricted clause á áááşááźááşáˇáááşá¸ ááąáŤáşáááŻááşáááşá
ááŤááźáŽá¸áááşááąáŹáˇ relative clause áá˛áˇ áááşáááşááźáŽá¸ ááąáŹááşááŻáśá¸ áááşáááşá¸á Ꮰáá áşááŻáᲠááťááşááŤááąáŹáˇáááşá Relative Clause (5) áážáŹ áááźáŹá¸ááŻáśá¸á á˝á˛ááŻáśááąá¸áá˝áą ááźáąáŹááźáŽá¸ áááşá áááşááŤáááşá Relative clause (5) ááźáŽá¸áá˛áˇáĄá፠ááąá¸ááźáŽá¸áá˛áˇáá˛áˇ (1) áááą (5) áĄáŹá¸ááŻáśá¸ááᯠá áŻááźáŽá¸ ááźááşáááşááąá¸ááŤáááşá
ááťáąá¸áá°á¸áááşááŤáááşáááşááťáŹá
áááŹá ááşáá°áááş
Ref: English Grammar in Use (Raymond Murphy)
ď§ John, who (not that) speaks French and Italian, works as a tourist guide.
ááźááşáá áşá ááŹá¸ááąáŹ áĄáŽáááŽá ááŹá¸ááŤááźáąáŹáááşáá˛áˇ ááťá˝ááşá á§ááşáˇáááşá¸áá˝ážááşáĄááźá áş áĄááŻááşááŻááşáááşá
ď§ Colin told me about his new job, which (not that) heâs enjoying very much.
ááąáŹáááşá¸á áá°ááááşáááąáŹááťááąáá˛áˇ áĄááŻááşáá áşáĄááźáąáŹááşá¸ ááźáąáŹááźáááşá
⼠Type 1 áážáŹ who/which/that áááŻáˇá object ááźá áşááąáá˛áˇáĄááŤáážáŹ ááťááşááŹá¸áá˛áˇáááŻáˇááááşá
ď§ We stayed at the hotel (that/which) you recommended.
áááşá¸ááąáŹááşááśáá˛áˇáá˛áˇ áááŻáááşáážáŹ áááŻáˇáááşá¸áá˛áˇáááşá
ď§ This morning I met somebody (who/that) I hadnât seen for ages.
ááŽááááş ááŤááá˝áąáˇáááŹááźáŹáá˛áˇ áá áşááąáŹááşááąáŹááşáá˛áˇ áá˝áąáˇáá˛áˇáááşá
⼠ááŽááᯠclause ááťááŻá¸áážáŹ whom ááᯠááŻáśá¸ááąáˇááážáááŤáá°á¸á
Type 1 áĄááźáąáŹááşá¸ ááááźáŽá¸ááźáŽáááŻáááş Type 2 áá˛áˇ áážááŻááşá¸áážááşááźááşáˇááĄáąáŹááşá
⼠Type 2 áážáŹ who áááŻáˇ which áááŻáˇ ááťááşááŹá¸áá˛áˇáááŻáˇ ááááŤáá°á¸á
ď§ We stayed at the Park Hotel, which a friend of ours recommended.
áááŻáˇáá˛áˇ áá°áááşááťááşá¸áá áşááąáŹááş ááąáŹááşááśáá˛áˇáá˛áˇ ááŤáˇááşáááŻáááşáážáŹ áááŻáˇáááşá¸áá˛áˇáááşá
ď§ This morning I met Chris, who I hadnât seen for ages.
ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáşáá˛áˇ ááá˝áąáˇááᏠááźáŹááźáŽááźá áşáá˛áˇ ááá ášá áá˛áˇ ááŽááááşáá˝áąáˇáá˛áˇáááşá
⼠áá°áá˝áąáĄáá˝ááş whom ááᯠ(object ááźá áşááąáááş) ááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá
ď§ This morning I met Chris, whom I hadnât seen for ages.
ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáşáá˛áˇ ááá˝áąáˇááᏠááźáŹááźáŽááźá áşáá˛áˇ ááá ášá áá˛áˇ ááŽááááşáá˝áąáˇáá˛áˇáááşá
⼠áᎠrelative clause áážá áşááŻá ááŻáśá¸áážáŹ whose áá˛áˇ where ááᯠááŻáśá¸áááŻááşááŤáááşá
Type 1
ď§ We met some people whose car had broken.
ááŹá¸ááťááşáá˝áŹá¸áá˛áˇ áá°áá˝áąááᯠáááŻáˇáá˝áąáˇáá˛áˇáááşá
ď§ Whatâs the name of the place where you went on holiday?
ď§ áĄáŹá¸áááşáááşá áááşá¸áá˝áŹá¸áá˛áˇáá˛áˇ ááąááŹáá˛áˇ ááŹáááşá ááŹáá˛á
Type 2
ď§ Liz, whose car had broken down, was in a very bad mood.
ááŹá¸ááťááşáá˝áŹá¸áá˛áˇ áá áşááşá á áááşáááťááşá¸áááŹááźá áşááąáááşá
ď§ Jill has been to Sweden, where her daughter lives.
ááťáąááşá áá°áˇáá˛áˇáááŽá¸ááąáá˛áˇ áá˝áŽáááşááᯠááąáŹááşáá°á¸ááźáŽá
ááŽáážáŹááąáŹáˇ type 1 / type 2 á áááşááźááşáˇ áĄáá˝ááşáážááşáááŻááşáĄáąáŹááş ááźáąáŹááŹááąáŤáˇááąá type 1 ááᯠdefining clause / restricted clause á áááşááźááşáˇ ááąáŤáşáááŻááşáááᯠtype 2 ááᯠnon-defining clause / unrestricted clause á áááşááźááşáˇáááşá¸ ááąáŤáşáááŻááşáááşá
ááŤááźáŽá¸áááşááąáŹáˇ relative clause áá˛áˇ áááşáááşááźáŽá¸ ááąáŹááşááŻáśá¸ áááşáááşá¸á Ꮰáá áşááŻáᲠááťááşááŤááąáŹáˇáááşá Relative Clause (5) áážáŹ áááźáŹá¸ááŻáśá¸á á˝á˛ááŻáśááąá¸áá˝áą ááźáąáŹááźáŽá¸ áááşá áááşááŤáááşá Relative clause (5) ááźáŽá¸áá˛áˇáĄá፠ááąá¸ááźáŽá¸áá˛áˇáá˛áˇ (1) áááą (5) áĄáŹá¸ááŻáśá¸ááᯠá áŻááźáŽá¸ ááźááşáááşááąá¸ááŤáááşá
ááťáąá¸áá°á¸áááşááŤáááşáááşááťáŹá
áááŹá ááşáá°áááş
Ref: English Grammar in Use (Raymond Murphy)
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