Relative Clauses 3
áážáąáˇáĄáááŻááşá¸áá˝áąá Relative Clause áĄááźáąáŹááşá¸ áááşáááşá¸á áŹáá˝áąáážáŹ relative clause áááŻáᏠááŹáá˛á relative clause ááźá áşáĄáąáŹááş áááşáááŻááŻááşáááá˛á áááşá ááŹá¸ááŻáśá¸ááąá¸áá˝áą ááŻáśá¸ááźáŽá¸ áááşáááá˛áááŻáᏠááźáąáŹááŹáá˛áˇááźáŽááąáŹáşá ááŽáá áşá፠áááşááᯠrelative pronoun áá˝áą ááŻáśá¸ááźáŽá¸ áááşáááŻáˇáááá˛áááŻáᏠáááşááźáąáŹááŤáˇáááşá
áááááŻáśá¸áá áşááŻáĄááąáá˛áˇ whose ááᯠááźááşáˇááĄáąáŹááşá
Whose
whose áááŻááááşá¸á áááŻááşáááŻááşáážáŻ ááᯠááźáá˛áˇ á ááŹá¸ááŻáśá¸áááŻáᏠááááźáŽá¸ááąáŹááąáŤáˇá ááŻááşááźáŽá relative clauses áá˝áąáážáŹáááşá¸ whose ááᯠhis/her/their á áá˛áˇ á ááŹá¸ááŻáśá¸áá˝áąáĄá áŹá¸ ááŻáśá¸ááááşá
ááŽáĽáááŹááąá¸ááᯠááźááşáˇááĄáąáŹááşá
ď§ We saw some people â their car had broken down.
áááŻáˇá áá°áááťááŻáˇááᯠáá˝áąáˇáá˛áˇáááşá áá°áááŻáˇáá˛áˇááŹá¸á ááťááşááąáááşá
ááŽááŤááťááᯠrelative clause ááŤáá˛áˇááŤááťááźá áşáĄáąáŹááş ááźááşááźáąáŹááşá¸áá˛áˇáĄá፠their áĄá áŹá¸ whose ááŻáśá¸ááąá¸ááááşáááŻáᏠáááááŹá¸ááŤá who áááŻáˇ that áááŻáˇ ááŻáśá¸áááŻáˇ áááá°á¸á
ááŽááᯠááźááşááąá¸ááźááşáˇáááşá
ď§ We saw some people whose car had broken down.
Whose ááᯠáá°áá˝áąáĄáá˝ááş áĄááťáŹá¸áĄáŹá¸ááźááşáˇ ááŻáśá¸ááąá¸ááááşááąáŹáşá
ááá°ááŹááŤááťáá˝áąááźááşáˇááŤá
ď§ A widow is a woman whose husband is dead. (her husband is dead)
ááŻáááŻá¸ááááŻáᏠáááşáá˝ááşá¸ááŻáśá¸ááŤá¸áá˝áŹá¸áá˛áˇ áĄááťááŻá¸áááŽá¸ááźá áşááŤáááşá
ď§ What is the name of the man whose car you borrowed? (You borrowed his car)
áááşá¸ááŹá¸áážáŹá¸áá˛áˇáá˛áˇáá°áá˛áˇ ááŹáááşá ááŹáá˛á
ď§ I met someone whose brother I went to school with. (I went to school with his/her brother)
áá áşá áŻáśáá áşááąáŹááşáá˛áˇ á፠áá˝áąáˇáá˛áˇáááşá áá°áˇáĄá áşáááŻáá˛áˇ ááŤáá˛áˇ ááťáąáŹááşá¸áĄáá°áááşáá˛áˇááŹá
ááŻá whose áĄááźáąáŹááşá¸áá˝áą ááźáąáŹááąááŹááąáŹáşá ááŤáááŻááąá¸á ááŹáážááááşá áážáąáˇáááşáááşá¸á áŹáá˝áąáážáŹ ááźáąáŹáá˛áˇáá˛áˇ who áá˛áˇ áᯠwhose ááŹáá˝áŹááá˛á
ááŤááťáá˝áąáážááŻááşá¸áážááşááźááşáˇáááş ááźááşááŹááŤááááşáˇáááşá
⢠I met a man who knows you. (he knows you)
áááşá¸áááŻáááá˛áˇáá°áá˛áˇ ááŤáá˝áąáˇáá˛áˇáááşá (áá°á áááşá¸áááŻááááŹ)
⢠I met a man whose sister knows you. (his sister knows you)
áá°áˇáá˛áˇáĄá áşáá áááşá¸áááŻáááá˛áˇáá°áá˛áˇ ááŤáá˝áąáˇáá˛áˇáááşá
(ááŽáááŻáááŻááşáááŻááş ááŹááŹááźááşááąáŹáˇ ááŤááťá áááťááŻá¸ááźáŽá¸áá˛á ááŤáá°áá áşááąáŹááşáááŻáá˝áąáˇáá˛áˇáááşá áá°áˇáá˛áˇáĄá áşáá áááşá¸ááᯠáááááşá ááŽááᯠáááŻáááŻááŹááŤá ááááŹá áá°áááŻááşáá°á¸á áá°áˇáá˛áˇáĄá áşá)
Who/whose ááᯠááŹá¸áááşááąáŹááşááźáŽá whom ááᯠáá áşááťááşááźááşáˇááĄáąáŹááşá
Whom
whom is possible instead of who when it is the object of the verb in the relative clause.
Relative clause áážáŹ verb áá˛áˇ object ááźá áşááąáááşáááŻáááş who áĄá áŹá¸ whom ááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá
ď§ The woman whom I wanted to see was away.
ááŤáá˝áąáˇááťááşáá˛áˇáĄááťááŻá¸áááŽá¸á áááźáŹá¸ááąáŹááşááąáááşá
ááŽááŤááťá I wanted to see her (the woman). áááŻáˇ áááŻáááŻááťááşááŤáááşá ááŤááᯠher (the woman) á object ááąááŹáážáŹ áážááááşáááŻááşááŹá¸á ááŽáááŻááťááŻá¸ object ááąááŹáážáááŹááᯠrelative clause áážáŹ ááźáąáŹááťááşáááş whom ááŻáśá¸áááŹááŤáá˛á áááźáŹá¸ ááŤááťáá˝áąáááŻáááşá¸ áĄá˛ááŽáááŻááťááŻá¸áᲠááŹá¸áááşáá°ááŤá
You can also use whom with a preposition (to whom/ from whom/ with whom etc.)
to whom/ from whom/ with whom á áááşááźááşáˇ whom ááᯠpreposition áá˛áˇ ááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá
ď§ The people with whom I work are very nice.
ááŤáá˛áˇ áĄááŻááşááŻááşáá˛áˇ áá°áá˝áąá ááááşááąáŹááşá¸áááşá
Whom ááŻáśá¸ááŻáśáĄááźáąáŹááşá¸áá˝áąááᯠááźáąáŹááąááąáá˛áˇ áááááźáŻáááşáˇááŹááąá¸áá áşááťááşááᯠááźáąáŹááŤáŚá¸áááşá áĄááşášáááááşááᯠáĄáááşáážááşáááŻááşááŤá
But we do not often use whom in spoken English. We usually prefer who or that, or nothing.
whom ááᯠáĄááźáąáŹáĄááşášáááááşá ááŹá¸áážáŹ ááááşááŻáśá¸ááąáˇááážáááŤáá°á¸á who/that ááŤáážáááŻááş ááŹáážáááŻáśá¸áᲠááŹá¸ááŹááᯠáááŻáážá áşáááşááŤáááşáá˛áˇá
ááŤááźáąáŹááşáˇ ááŽáááŻáᲠááźáąáŹááąáˇáážáááŤáááşá
ď§ The woman I wanted to see ⌠or The woman who/that I wanted to see âŚ
ááŤáá˝áąáˇááťááşáá˛áˇ áĄááťááŻá¸áááŽá¸ âŚ
ď§ The people I work with ⌠or The people who/that I work with âŚ
ááŤáá˛áˇáĄááŻááşááŻááşáá˛áˇáá°áá˝áą âŚ
Where
You can use where in a relative clause to talk about a place.
ááąááŹáá áşááŻáĄááźáąáŹááşá¸áááŻááźáąáŹáááŻáˇ relative clause áážáŹ where ááᯠááŻáśá¸áááŻááşááŤáááşá
ď§ The restaurant where we had dinner was near the airport.
ááŤáááŻáˇ áá áŹá áŹá¸áá˛áˇáá˛áˇ á áŹá¸ááąáŹááşáááŻááşá ááąááááşááŹá¸áážáŹá
ď§ I recently went back to the town where I grew up.
ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáşááźáŽá¸ááźááşá¸ááŹáá˛áˇáá˛áˇ ááźááŻáˇááᯠáááźáŹááąá¸ááŽá ááźááşáá˝áŹá¸áá˛áˇáááşá
ď§ I would like to live in a place where there is plenty of sunshine.
ááąááąáŹááşááźááşááťáŹá¸ááťáŹá¸ááá˛áˇ ááąááŹááťááŻá¸áážáŹ ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáşááąááťááşáááşá
ááąáŹááşáááşáážááşááŹá¸á ááŹáĄááąáá˛áˇ ááŻáśááąááźáąáŹááŻáśááąá¸áá˝áą ááźááşáˇááŤá
ááŽáááŻááźáąáŹááŤááá˛áˇá
The day / the year / the time etc. ---- something happens or that something happens
ď§ Do you remember the day (that) we went to the zoo?
áááŻáˇ áááá ášááŹááşááŻáśáá˝áŹá¸áá˛áˇáá˛áˇ ááąáˇááᯠáážááşááááąá¸ááŹá¸á
ď§ The last time (that) I saw her, she looked fine.
áá°áˇááᯠááąáŹááşááŻáśá¸áĄááźáááşáá˝áąáˇááŻááşá¸á áá°ááąááąáŹááşá¸ááŻáśááŤáá˛á
áážáąáˇáĄáááŻááşá¸áá˝áąá Relative Clause áĄááźáąáŹááşá¸ áááşáááşá¸á áŹáá˝áąáážáŹ relative clause áááŻáᏠááŹáá˛á relative clause ááźá áşáĄáąáŹááş áááşáááŻááŻááşáááá˛á áááşá ááŹá¸ááŻáśá¸ááąá¸áá˝áą ááŻáśá¸ááźáŽá¸ áááşáááá˛áááŻáᏠááźáąáŹááŹáá˛áˇááźáŽááąáŹáşá ááŽáá áşá፠áááşááᯠrelative pronoun áá˝áą ááŻáśá¸ááźáŽá¸ áááşáááŻáˇáááá˛áááŻáᏠáááşááźáąáŹááŤáˇáááşá
áááááŻáśá¸áá áşááŻáĄááąáá˛áˇ whose ááᯠááźááşáˇááĄáąáŹááşá
Whose
whose áááŻááááşá¸á áááŻááşáááŻááşáážáŻ ááᯠááźáá˛áˇ á ááŹá¸ááŻáśá¸áááŻáᏠááááźáŽá¸ááąáŹááąáŤáˇá ááŻááşááźáŽá relative clauses áá˝áąáážáŹáááşá¸ whose ááᯠhis/her/their á áá˛áˇ á ááŹá¸ááŻáśá¸áá˝áąáĄá áŹá¸ ááŻáśá¸ááááşá
ááŽáĽáááŹááąá¸ááᯠááźááşáˇááĄáąáŹááşá
ď§ We saw some people â their car had broken down.
áááŻáˇá áá°áááťááŻáˇááᯠáá˝áąáˇáá˛áˇáááşá áá°áááŻáˇáá˛áˇááŹá¸á ááťááşááąáááşá
ááŽááŤááťááᯠrelative clause ááŤáá˛áˇááŤááťááźá áşáĄáąáŹááş ááźááşááźáąáŹááşá¸áá˛áˇáĄá፠their áĄá áŹá¸ whose ááŻáśá¸ááąá¸ááááşáááŻáᏠáááááŹá¸ááŤá who áááŻáˇ that áááŻáˇ ááŻáśá¸áááŻáˇ áááá°á¸á
ááŽááᯠááźááşááąá¸ááźááşáˇáááşá
ď§ We saw some people whose car had broken down.
Whose ááᯠáá°áá˝áąáĄáá˝ááş áĄááťáŹá¸áĄáŹá¸ááźááşáˇ ááŻáśá¸ááąá¸ááááşááąáŹáşá
ááá°ááŹááŤááťáá˝áąááźááşáˇááŤá
ď§ A widow is a woman whose husband is dead. (her husband is dead)
ááŻáááŻá¸ááááŻáᏠáááşáá˝ááşá¸ááŻáśá¸ááŤá¸áá˝áŹá¸áá˛áˇ áĄááťááŻá¸áááŽá¸ááźá áşááŤáááşá
ď§ What is the name of the man whose car you borrowed? (You borrowed his car)
áááşá¸ááŹá¸áážáŹá¸áá˛áˇáá˛áˇáá°áá˛áˇ ááŹáááşá ááŹáá˛á
ď§ I met someone whose brother I went to school with. (I went to school with his/her brother)
áá áşá áŻáśáá áşááąáŹááşáá˛áˇ á፠áá˝áąáˇáá˛áˇáááşá áá°áˇáĄá áşáááŻáá˛áˇ ááŤáá˛áˇ ááťáąáŹááşá¸áĄáá°áááşáá˛áˇááŹá
ááŻá whose áĄááźáąáŹááşá¸áá˝áą ááźáąáŹááąááŹááąáŹáşá ááŤáááŻááąá¸á ááŹáážááááşá áážáąáˇáááşáááşá¸á áŹáá˝áąáážáŹ ááźáąáŹáá˛áˇáá˛áˇ who áá˛áˇ áᯠwhose ááŹáá˝áŹááá˛á
ááŤááťáá˝áąáážááŻááşá¸áážááşááźááşáˇáááş ááźááşááŹááŤááááşáˇáááşá
⢠I met a man who knows you. (he knows you)
áááşá¸áááŻáááá˛áˇáá°áá˛áˇ ááŤáá˝áąáˇáá˛áˇáááşá (áá°á áááşá¸áááŻááááŹ)
⢠I met a man whose sister knows you. (his sister knows you)
áá°áˇáá˛áˇáĄá áşáá áááşá¸áááŻáááá˛áˇáá°áá˛áˇ ááŤáá˝áąáˇáá˛áˇáááşá
(ááŽáááŻáááŻááşáááŻááş ááŹááŹááźááşááąáŹáˇ ááŤááťá áááťááŻá¸ááźáŽá¸áá˛á ááŤáá°áá áşááąáŹááşáááŻáá˝áąáˇáá˛áˇáááşá áá°áˇáá˛áˇáĄá áşáá áááşá¸ááᯠáááááşá ááŽááᯠáááŻáááŻááŹááŤá ááááŹá áá°áááŻááşáá°á¸á áá°áˇáá˛áˇáĄá áşá)
Who/whose ááᯠááŹá¸áááşááąáŹááşááźáŽá whom ááᯠáá áşááťááşááźááşáˇááĄáąáŹááşá
Whom
whom is possible instead of who when it is the object of the verb in the relative clause.
Relative clause áážáŹ verb áá˛áˇ object ááźá áşááąáááşáááŻáááş who áĄá áŹá¸ whom ááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá
ď§ The woman whom I wanted to see was away.
ááŤáá˝áąáˇááťááşáá˛áˇáĄááťááŻá¸áááŽá¸á áááźáŹá¸ááąáŹááşááąáááşá
ááŽááŤááťá I wanted to see her (the woman). áááŻáˇ áááŻáááŻááťááşááŤáááşá ááŤááᯠher (the woman) á object ááąááŹáážáŹ áážááááşáááŻááşááŹá¸á ááŽáááŻááťááŻá¸ object ááąááŹáážáááŹááᯠrelative clause áážáŹ ááźáąáŹááťááşáááş whom ááŻáśá¸áááŹááŤáá˛á áááźáŹá¸ ááŤááťáá˝áąáááŻáááşá¸ áĄá˛ááŽáááŻááťááŻá¸áᲠááŹá¸áááşáá°ááŤá
You can also use whom with a preposition (to whom/ from whom/ with whom etc.)
to whom/ from whom/ with whom á áááşááźááşáˇ whom ááᯠpreposition áá˛áˇ ááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá
ď§ The people with whom I work are very nice.
ááŤáá˛áˇ áĄááŻááşááŻááşáá˛áˇ áá°áá˝áąá ááááşááąáŹááşá¸áááşá
Whom ááŻáśá¸ááŻáśáĄááźáąáŹááşá¸áá˝áąááᯠááźáąáŹááąááąáá˛áˇ áááááźáŻáááşáˇááŹááąá¸áá áşááťááşááᯠááźáąáŹááŤáŚá¸áááşá áĄááşášáááááşááᯠáĄáááşáážááşáááŻááşááŤá
But we do not often use whom in spoken English. We usually prefer who or that, or nothing.
whom ááᯠáĄááźáąáŹáĄááşášáááááşá ááŹá¸áážáŹ ááááşááŻáśá¸ááąáˇááážáááŤáá°á¸á who/that ááŤáážáááŻááş ááŹáážáááŻáśá¸áᲠááŹá¸ááŹááᯠáááŻáážá áşáááşááŤáááşáá˛áˇá
ááŤááźáąáŹááşáˇ ááŽáááŻáᲠááźáąáŹááąáˇáážáááŤáááşá
ď§ The woman I wanted to see ⌠or The woman who/that I wanted to see âŚ
ááŤáá˝áąáˇááťááşáá˛áˇ áĄááťááŻá¸áááŽá¸ âŚ
ď§ The people I work with ⌠or The people who/that I work with âŚ
ááŤáá˛áˇáĄááŻááşááŻááşáá˛áˇáá°áá˝áą âŚ
Where
You can use where in a relative clause to talk about a place.
ááąááŹáá áşááŻáĄááźáąáŹááşá¸áááŻááźáąáŹáááŻáˇ relative clause áážáŹ where ááᯠááŻáśá¸áááŻááşááŤáááşá
ď§ The restaurant where we had dinner was near the airport.
ááŤáááŻáˇ áá áŹá áŹá¸áá˛áˇáá˛áˇ á áŹá¸ááąáŹááşáááŻááşá ááąááááşááŹá¸áážáŹá
ď§ I recently went back to the town where I grew up.
ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáşááźáŽá¸ááźááşá¸ááŹáá˛áˇáá˛áˇ ááźááŻáˇááᯠáááźáŹááąá¸ááŽá ááźááşáá˝áŹá¸áá˛áˇáááşá
ď§ I would like to live in a place where there is plenty of sunshine.
ááąááąáŹááşááźááşááťáŹá¸ááťáŹá¸ááá˛áˇ ááąááŹááťááŻá¸áážáŹ ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáşááąááťááşáááşá
ááąáŹááşáááşáážááşááŹá¸á ááŹáĄááąáá˛áˇ ááŻáśááąááźáąáŹááŻáśááąá¸áá˝áą ááźááşáˇááŤá
ááŽáááŻááźáąáŹááŤááá˛áˇá
The day / the year / the time etc. ---- something happens or that something happens
ď§ Do you remember the day (that) we went to the zoo?
áááŻáˇ áááá ášááŹááşááŻáśáá˝áŹá¸áá˛áˇáá˛áˇ ááąáˇááᯠáážááşááááąá¸ááŹá¸á
ď§ The last time (that) I saw her, she looked fine.
áá°áˇááᯠááąáŹááşááŻáśá¸áĄááźáááşáá˝áąáˇááŻááşá¸á áá°ááąááąáŹááşá¸ááŻáśááŤáá˛á
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ď§ I havenât seen them since the year (that) they got married.
áá°áááŻáˇáááşáááşááźáŽá¸áá˛áˇ áážá áşááááşá¸á ááŤáá°áááŻáˇááᯠááá˝áąáˇááźá áşááąáŹáˇáá°á¸á
áááşááźáŽá¸ áážááşááŹá¸ááŤáŚá¸á ááŽááŻáśá áśááąá¸ááŤá
The reason something happens or that/why something happens
ď§ The reason Iâm phoning you is to ask your advice.
ď§ (or The reason that Iâm phoning / The reason why Iâm phoning)
áááşááťáŹá¸ááŽááᯠááťá˝ááşááąáŹáşááŻááşá¸áááşááá˛áˇáĄááźáąáŹááşá¸áááąáŹáˇ áááşááťáŹá¸áá˛áˇ áĄááźáśááŹááşááąáŹááşá¸áááŻáˇááŤá
áĄááťááşá¸ááťáŻááşááźáŽá¸ ááźááşááźááşáˇááĄáąáŹááşá
(1) relative clauses áá˝áąáážáŹ whose ááᯠhis/her/their á áá˛áˇ á ááŹá¸ááŻáśá¸áá˝áąáĄá áŹá¸ ááŻáśá¸ááááşá Whose ááᯠáá°áá˝áąáĄáá˝ááş áĄááťáŹá¸áĄáŹá¸ááźááşáˇ ááŻáśá¸áááşá
(2) Relative clause áážáŹ verb áá˛áˇ object ááźá áşááąáááşáááŻáááş who áĄá áŹá¸ whom ááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá to whom/ from whom/ with whom á áááşááźááşáˇáááşá¸ whom ááᯠpreposition áá˛áˇ ááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá whom ááᯠáĄááźáąáŹáĄááşášáááááşá ááŹá¸áážáŹ ááááşááŻáśá¸ááąáˇááąáŹáˇ ááážááá°á¸á who/that ááŤáážáááŻááş ááŹáážáááŻáśá¸áᲠááŹá¸ááŹááᯠáááŻáážá áşáááşááźáááşá
(3) ááąááŹáá áşááŻáĄááźáąáŹááşá¸áááŻááźáąáŹáááŻáˇ relative clause áážáŹ where ááᯠááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá
(4) The day / the year / the time etc. ---- something happens or that something happens ááŻáśá áśááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá
(5) The reason something happens or that/why something happens ááŻáśá áś ááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá
Ref: English Grammar in Use (Raymond Murphy)
áá°áááŻáˇáááşáááşááźáŽá¸áá˛áˇ áážá áşááááşá¸á ááŤáá°áááŻáˇááᯠááá˝áąáˇááźá áşááąáŹáˇáá°á¸á
áááşááźáŽá¸ áážááşááŹá¸ááŤáŚá¸á ááŽááŻáśá áśááąá¸ááŤá
The reason something happens or that/why something happens
ď§ The reason Iâm phoning you is to ask your advice.
ď§ (or The reason that Iâm phoning / The reason why Iâm phoning)
áááşááťáŹá¸ááŽááᯠááťá˝ááşááąáŹáşááŻááşá¸áááşááá˛áˇáĄááźáąáŹááşá¸áááąáŹáˇ áááşááťáŹá¸áá˛áˇ áĄááźáśááŹááşááąáŹááşá¸áááŻáˇááŤá
áĄááťááşá¸ááťáŻááşááźáŽá¸ ááźááşááźááşáˇááĄáąáŹááşá
(1) relative clauses áá˝áąáážáŹ whose ááᯠhis/her/their á áá˛áˇ á ááŹá¸ááŻáśá¸áá˝áąáĄá áŹá¸ ááŻáśá¸ááááşá Whose ááᯠáá°áá˝áąáĄáá˝ááş áĄááťáŹá¸áĄáŹá¸ááźááşáˇ ááŻáśá¸áááşá
(2) Relative clause áážáŹ verb áá˛áˇ object ááźá áşááąáááşáááŻáááş who áĄá áŹá¸ whom ááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá to whom/ from whom/ with whom á áááşááźááşáˇáááşá¸ whom ááᯠpreposition áá˛áˇ ááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá whom ááᯠáĄááźáąáŹáĄááşášáááááşá ááŹá¸áážáŹ ááááşááŻáśá¸ááąáˇááąáŹáˇ ááážááá°á¸á who/that ááŤáážáááŻááş ááŹáážáááŻáśá¸áᲠááŹá¸ááŹááᯠáááŻáážá áşáááşááźáááşá
(3) ááąááŹáá áşááŻáĄááźáąáŹááşá¸áááŻááźáąáŹáááŻáˇ relative clause áážáŹ where ááᯠááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá
(4) The day / the year / the time etc. ---- something happens or that something happens ááŻáśá áśááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá
(5) The reason something happens or that/why something happens ááŻáśá áś ááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá
Ref: English Grammar in Use (Raymond Murphy)
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Relative Clauses 4
Relative clause á áážá áşááťááŻá¸áážááááşá ááŽáĄáááŻááşá¸ á ááşá¸ááťááşá¸áá˝áąááᯠáĄáááşááźáąáŹáá˝áŹá¸ááŹáááşá áŹáááş ááá°ááŹááŤááťááąá¸áá˝áąááźááşáˇá ááŹá¸áááşáĄáąáŹááş ááŻááşááźáŽá¸ááž ááźáąáŹáş ááŤááźáąáŹááşáˇ ááŽáááŻáážááşáááŹááŤááŹá¸áááŻáˇ áááąáŹááąáŤááşáááş áááŻááąáŹááşá¸áááşáááŻáˇ áá°áááááŤáááşá ááŤááźáąáŹááşáˇ ááá°ááŹááŤááťáá˝áą áážááŻááşá¸áážááş áááşááźááşáˇááĄáąáŹááşá
Type 1
ď§ The woman who lives next door is a doctor.
ááąá¸áĄáááşáážáŹááąáá˛áˇáĄááťááŻá¸áááŽá¸á áááŹáááşáá áşááąáŹááşááźá áşáááşá
ááŽááŤááťááᯠááąáŹáᎠááŤááťáá˛áˇ áážááŻááşá¸áážááşáááşááŤáŚá¸á
Type 2
ď§ My brother Rob, who lives in Australia, is a doctor.
ááźá ááąá¸ááťáážáŹááąáá˛áˇ ááŤáˇáá˛áˇáĄá áşááᯠááąáŹáˇááşá áááŹáááşáá áşááąáŹááşááźá áşáááşá
ááŽááŤááťáážá áşááźáąáŹááşá¸ ááŹáá˝áŹáᲠáááááŹá¸ááááŹá¸á ááááááŹá¸ááááąá¸áá°á¸áááŻáááşá¸ ááááşá áĽáááŹáá˝áą áááşááźááşáˇáááşá
Type 1
ď§ Barbara works for a company that makes furniture.
ááŹáááŹá áááááąáŹááá˝áąááŻááşáá˛áˇ ááŻáášáááŽáážáŹ áĄááŻááşááŻááşáááşá
Type 2
ď§ Colin told me about his new job, which heâs enjoying very much.
ááąáŹáááşá¸á áá°áĄááŻááááşáááąáŹááťááąáá˛áˇ áá°áˇáá˛áˇáĄááŻááşáĄáá áşáĄááźáąáŹááşá¸ááᯠááŤáˇáááŻááźáąáŹááźáááşá
Type 1
ď§ We stayed at the hotel (that) you recommended.
áááşá¸ááąáŹááşááśáá˛áˇáá˛áˇ áááŻáááşáážáŹ áááŻáˇáááşá¸áá˛áˇáááşá
Type 2
ď§ We stayed at the Park Hotel, which a friend of ours recommended.
áááŻáˇáá°áááşááťááşá¸áá áşááąáŹááş ááąáŹááşááśáá˛áˇáá˛áˇ ááŤáˇááşáááŻáááşáážáŹ ááŤáááŻáˇ áááşá¸áá˛áˇáááşá
Type 1 áážáŹááźáąáŹááŹá¸áá˛áˇ áĽáááŹááŤááťáá˝áąáážáŹ relative clause á áááşáá° / áááşáĄáᏠ(ááŤáážáááŻááş áááşáááŻáá°ááťááŻá¸á áááşáĄááŹááťááŻá¸) ááᯠááźáąáŹáá˛áˇáá°á áááşáá˝ážááşá¸ááąáá˛áááŻáᏠááźáąáŹááźááŤááá˛áˇá
ááŤááťáá˝áąááᯠááźááşááźááşáˇááźáááşá
The woman who lives next door âŚáááŻáá˛áˇ ááŤááťáážáŹ who lives next door áááŻáá˛áˇ relative clause áᏠáááŤáááş áááşáĄááťááŻá¸áááŽá¸ááᯠááźáąáŹááąáááşáááŻáᏠááŹá¸áááşáááŻááşááŹá¸á áááşááŹá¸áááşááŤáˇááá˛á ááŤááźáąáŹááşáˇ who lives next door áááŻáá˛áˇ relative clause á áááşáĄááťááŻá¸áááŽá¸áááŻááŹááᯠááźáąáŹááźááąá¸áááşá
A company that makes furniture ⌠áááŻáá˛áˇ ááŤááťááąáŹá áá°áááşá¸ ááŽáááŻáá˛á that makes furniture áááŻáá˛áˇ relative clause á áááşááŻáášáááŽáááşá¸ áááŻáᏠááźáąáŹááźááąá¸áááşá
The hotel (that) you recommended ⌠áááŻáá˛áˇ ááŤááťáážáŹááąáŹáˇ (that) you recommended á áááşáááŻáááşáᲠáááŻáᏠááźáąáŹááźááąá¸áááşá
ááŽááŤááťáá˝áąááᯠááąááąááťáŹááťáŹááąáˇááŹááźááşáˇáááşáááŻáááş áĄááąá¸ááźáŽá¸áá˛áˇ áĄááťááşáá áşááťááşááᯠááźááşáááŻááşááááşáˇáááşá áĄááşášáááááşáááŻááąá¸ áĄáááş áážááşááŹá¸ááŤá
We do not use commas (,) with these clauses.
áᎠclauses áá˝áąáá˛áˇ ááąáŹáşáᏠ(,) áááŻáśá¸ááŤáá°á¸á
ď§ We know a lot of people who live in London.
áááşáááşáážáŹááąáá˛áˇ áá°áá˝áąáĄááťáŹá¸ááźáŽá¸ááᯠáááŻáˇáááááşá
ááŽááŤááťááᯠááźááşáˇááŤá who live in London á áááşáá°áá˝áąáá˛áááŻáᏠááźáąáŹááźááąá¸áá˛áˇ relative clause ááąáŤáˇá comma ááááşáˇááᏠááźááşáááşááąáŹáşá
Type 2 áážáŹ ááŤáá˛áˇ áĽáááŹáá˝áąáážáŹááąáŹáˇ relative clauses á áááşáá°á áááşáĄááŹááᯠááźáąáŹáá°á áááŻáááŻáááşáááŻáᏠáááźáąáŹááźááąáŹáˇáá°á¸á áááşáá°á áááşáĄááŹááᯠáááŻáááŻáááşáááŻáᏠááááźáŽá¸ááźáŽá
Type 2 á ááá°ááŹááŤááťáá˝áąáážáŹááŤáá˛áˇ My brother Rob, who ⌠áááŻáááş áĄá ááááşá¸á ááŤáˇáĄá áşááᯠááąáŹáˇááşáááŻáˇ ááźáąáŹááŤáááşáááŻááž áááşáá°áááşááŤáááŻáᏠáááşááźáąáŹááźáááŻáˇ áááŻááŤáˇáááŹá¸á ááąáŹááşááźáŽá¸ Colin told me about his new job, which ⌠áááŻáˇ ááźáąáŹááąáážááąáŹáˇ ááąáŹáááşá¸áá˛áˇáĄááŻááşáážááşá¸ááááąááźáŽá¸ááŹá¸áá˛á ááŹáááŻáˇ áááşááźáąáŹááąá áᏠáááŻááá˛á We stayed at the Park Hotel, which ⌠áááŻáá˛áˇ ááŤááťáážáŹáááşá¸ ááŤáˇááşáááŻáááş áááŻáᏠááááąááźáŽááąá relative clause á áááşááźáąáŹá ááŹááááŻáá°á¸á
ááŤáááŻáááş ááŽááŤááťáá˝áąáá˛áážáŹááŤáá˛áˇ relative clause áá˝áąá ááŹááŻááşááąááŹáá˛á áá°áááŻáˇá áĄáááŻáĄááťááşáĄáááşáá˝áąááᯠááąá¸ááąááŹááŤá áĄá˛ááŽáá°á áĄááŹááášááŻáá˛áˇ áááşáááşáá˛áˇ áĄáááŻáĄááťááşáĄáááşáá˝áą ááąá¸ááąááŹááąáŤáˇá
áĄááşášáááááşááᯠáážááşááŹá¸ááźáááşá
The relative clauses in these sentences give us extra information about the person or thing.
ááŽááŤááťáá˝áąáážáŹááŤáá˛áˇ relative clauses áá˝áąá áĄá˛ááŽáá°á áĄááŹááášááŻáá˝áąáá˛áˇ áááşáááşáá˛áˇ áĄáááŻáĄááťááşáĄáááşáá˝áąááᯠááąá¸ááŤáááşá
ááąáŹááşáááşáááááŹá¸áááşáˇáá˛áˇ áĄááťááşáááąá¸áááŻáááşá¸ áážááşááŹá¸ááĄáąáŹááşá
We use commas (,) with these clauses.
áĄá˛áᎠclauses áá˝áąáá˛áˇ ááąáŹáşáᏠááŻáśá¸áááŤáááşá
ááŽááŤááťáážáŹ ááąáŹáşááŹáá˝áą ááŻáśá¸ááŹá¸ááŻáśááᯠáááááŹá¸ááźááşáˇááŤá
ď§ My brother Rob, who lives in London, is a doctor.
áááşáááşáážáŹááąáá˛áˇ ááŤáˇáá˛áˇáĄá áşááᯠááąáŹáˇááşá áááŹáááşáá áşááąáŹááşááźá áşáááşá
ááááşáˇáááşááźáŽá¸ áážááşááŹá¸ááźáááşá áĄáá áşááážááşáááş ááááŹá¸ááŹáá˝áą áĄáááşááźááşáá˝ážáąá¸ááĄáąáŹááşá
ď§ áá°ááᯠáááşáá˝ážááşá¸áááŻáˇ áááŻáááş who áá˛áˇ that áááŻááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááş
ď§ áĄááŹááášááŻáá˝áąááᯠáááşáá˝ážááşá¸áááŻáˇ which áá˛áˇ that áááŻááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá
ááŤáá˝áą ááááźáŽá¸ááŹá¸ááąáŹáşá ááŻááşááźáŽá¸ áᯠáĄáá áşáááşáážááşááźáááşá
⼠Type 1 áážáŹ that ááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá
ď§ Do you know anyone who/that speaks French and Italian?
ááźááşáá áşá ááŹá¸ááąáŹ áĄáŽáááŽá ááŹá¸ááŤááźáąáŹáááŻááşáá˛áˇáá°áá áşááąáŹááşááąáŹááşááᯠáááşááťáŹá¸áááááŹá¸á (who áĄááźááş that áááşá¸ ááŻáśá¸áááŻáˇ ááááşááąáŹáş)
ď§ Barbara works for a company which/that makes furniture.
ááŹáááŹá áááááąáŹááá˝áąááŻááşáá˛áˇ ááŻáášáááŽáážáŹ áĄááŻááşááŻááşáááşá
Relative clause á áážá áşááťááŻá¸áážááááşá ááŽáĄáááŻááşá¸ á ááşá¸ááťááşá¸áá˝áąááᯠáĄáááşááźáąáŹáá˝áŹá¸ááŹáááşá áŹáááş ááá°ááŹááŤááťááąá¸áá˝áąááźááşáˇá ááŹá¸áááşáĄáąáŹááş ááŻááşááźáŽá¸ááž ááźáąáŹáş ááŤááźáąáŹááşáˇ ááŽáááŻáážááşáááŹááŤááŹá¸áááŻáˇ áááąáŹááąáŤááşáááş áááŻááąáŹááşá¸áááşáááŻáˇ áá°áááááŤáááşá ááŤááźáąáŹááşáˇ ááá°ááŹááŤááťáá˝áą áážááŻááşá¸áážááş áááşááźááşáˇááĄáąáŹááşá
Type 1
ď§ The woman who lives next door is a doctor.
ááąá¸áĄáááşáážáŹááąáá˛áˇáĄááťááŻá¸áááŽá¸á áááŹáááşáá áşááąáŹááşááźá áşáááşá
ááŽááŤááťááᯠááąáŹáᎠááŤááťáá˛áˇ áážááŻááşá¸áážááşáááşááŤáŚá¸á
Type 2
ď§ My brother Rob, who lives in Australia, is a doctor.
ááźá ááąá¸ááťáážáŹááąáá˛áˇ ááŤáˇáá˛áˇáĄá áşááᯠááąáŹáˇááşá áááŹáááşáá áşááąáŹááşááźá áşáááşá
ááŽááŤááťáážá áşááźáąáŹááşá¸ ááŹáá˝áŹáᲠáááááŹá¸ááááŹá¸á ááááááŹá¸ááááąá¸áá°á¸áááŻáááşá¸ ááááşá áĽáááŹáá˝áą áááşááźááşáˇáááşá
Type 1
ď§ Barbara works for a company that makes furniture.
ááŹáááŹá áááááąáŹááá˝áąááŻááşáá˛áˇ ááŻáášáááŽáážáŹ áĄááŻááşááŻááşáááşá
Type 2
ď§ Colin told me about his new job, which heâs enjoying very much.
ááąáŹáááşá¸á áá°áĄááŻááááşáááąáŹááťááąáá˛áˇ áá°áˇáá˛áˇáĄááŻááşáĄáá áşáĄááźáąáŹááşá¸ááᯠááŤáˇáááŻááźáąáŹááźáááşá
Type 1
ď§ We stayed at the hotel (that) you recommended.
áááşá¸ááąáŹááşááśáá˛áˇáá˛áˇ áááŻáááşáážáŹ áááŻáˇáááşá¸áá˛áˇáááşá
Type 2
ď§ We stayed at the Park Hotel, which a friend of ours recommended.
áááŻáˇáá°áááşááťááşá¸áá áşááąáŹááş ááąáŹááşááśáá˛áˇáá˛áˇ ááŤáˇááşáááŻáááşáážáŹ ááŤáááŻáˇ áááşá¸áá˛áˇáááşá
Type 1 áážáŹááźáąáŹááŹá¸áá˛áˇ áĽáááŹááŤááťáá˝áąáážáŹ relative clause á áááşáá° / áááşáĄáᏠ(ááŤáážáááŻááş áááşáááŻáá°ááťááŻá¸á áááşáĄááŹááťááŻá¸) ááᯠááźáąáŹáá˛áˇáá°á áááşáá˝ážááşá¸ááąáá˛áááŻáᏠááźáąáŹááźááŤááá˛áˇá
ááŤááťáá˝áąááᯠááźááşááźááşáˇááźáááşá
The woman who lives next door âŚáááŻáá˛áˇ ááŤááťáážáŹ who lives next door áááŻáá˛áˇ relative clause áᏠáááŤáááş áááşáĄááťááŻá¸áááŽá¸ááᯠááźáąáŹááąáááşáááŻáᏠááŹá¸áááşáááŻááşááŹá¸á áááşááŹá¸áááşááŤáˇááá˛á ááŤááźáąáŹááşáˇ who lives next door áááŻáá˛áˇ relative clause á áááşáĄááťááŻá¸áááŽá¸áááŻááŹááᯠááźáąáŹááźááąá¸áááşá
A company that makes furniture ⌠áááŻáá˛áˇ ááŤááťááąáŹá áá°áááşá¸ ááŽáááŻáá˛á that makes furniture áááŻáá˛áˇ relative clause á áááşááŻáášáááŽáááşá¸ áááŻáᏠááźáąáŹááźááąá¸áááşá
The hotel (that) you recommended ⌠áááŻáá˛áˇ ááŤááťáážáŹááąáŹáˇ (that) you recommended á áááşáááŻáááşáᲠáááŻáᏠááźáąáŹááźááąá¸áááşá
ááŽááŤááťáá˝áąááᯠááąááąááťáŹááťáŹááąáˇááŹááźááşáˇáááşáááŻáááş áĄááąá¸ááźáŽá¸áá˛áˇ áĄááťááşáá áşááťááşááᯠááźááşáááŻááşááááşáˇáááşá áĄááşášáááááşáááŻááąá¸ áĄáááş áážááşááŹá¸ááŤá
We do not use commas (,) with these clauses.
áᎠclauses áá˝áąáá˛áˇ ááąáŹáşáᏠ(,) áááŻáśá¸ááŤáá°á¸á
ď§ We know a lot of people who live in London.
áááşáááşáážáŹááąáá˛áˇ áá°áá˝áąáĄááťáŹá¸ááźáŽá¸ááᯠáááŻáˇáááááşá
ááŽááŤááťááᯠááźááşáˇááŤá who live in London á áááşáá°áá˝áąáá˛áááŻáᏠááźáąáŹááźááąá¸áá˛áˇ relative clause ááąáŤáˇá comma ááááşáˇááᏠááźááşáááşááąáŹáşá
Type 2 áážáŹ ááŤáá˛áˇ áĽáááŹáá˝áąáážáŹááąáŹáˇ relative clauses á áááşáá°á áááşáĄááŹááᯠááźáąáŹáá°á áááŻáááŻáááşáááŻáᏠáááźáąáŹááźááąáŹáˇáá°á¸á áááşáá°á áááşáĄááŹááᯠáááŻáááŻáááşáááŻáᏠááááźáŽá¸ááźáŽá
Type 2 á ááá°ááŹááŤááťáá˝áąáážáŹááŤáá˛áˇ My brother Rob, who ⌠áááŻáááş áĄá ááááşá¸á ááŤáˇáĄá áşááᯠááąáŹáˇááşáááŻáˇ ááźáąáŹááŤáááşáááŻááž áááşáá°áááşááŤáááŻáᏠáááşááźáąáŹááźáááŻáˇ áááŻááŤáˇáááŹá¸á ááąáŹááşááźáŽá¸ Colin told me about his new job, which ⌠áááŻáˇ ááźáąáŹááąáážááąáŹáˇ ááąáŹáááşá¸áá˛áˇáĄááŻááşáážááşá¸ááááąááźáŽá¸ááŹá¸áá˛á ááŹáááŻáˇ áááşááźáąáŹááąá áᏠáááŻááá˛á We stayed at the Park Hotel, which ⌠áááŻáá˛áˇ ááŤááťáážáŹáááşá¸ ááŤáˇááşáááŻáááş áááŻáᏠááááąááźáŽááąá relative clause á áááşááźáąáŹá ááŹááááŻáá°á¸á
ááŤáááŻáááş ááŽááŤááťáá˝áąáá˛áážáŹááŤáá˛áˇ relative clause áá˝áąá ááŹááŻááşááąááŹáá˛á áá°áááŻáˇá áĄáááŻáĄááťááşáĄáááşáá˝áąááᯠááąá¸ááąááŹááŤá áĄá˛ááŽáá°á áĄááŹááášááŻáá˛áˇ áááşáááşáá˛áˇ áĄáááŻáĄááťááşáĄáááşáá˝áą ááąá¸ááąááŹááąáŤáˇá
áĄááşášáááááşááᯠáážááşááŹá¸ááźáááşá
The relative clauses in these sentences give us extra information about the person or thing.
ááŽááŤááťáá˝áąáážáŹááŤáá˛áˇ relative clauses áá˝áąá áĄá˛ááŽáá°á áĄááŹááášááŻáá˝áąáá˛áˇ áááşáááşáá˛áˇ áĄáááŻáĄááťááşáĄáááşáá˝áąááᯠááąá¸ááŤáááşá
ááąáŹááşáááşáááááŹá¸áááşáˇáá˛áˇ áĄááťááşáááąá¸áááŻáááşá¸ áážááşááŹá¸ááĄáąáŹááşá
We use commas (,) with these clauses.
áĄá˛áᎠclauses áá˝áąáá˛áˇ ááąáŹáşáᏠááŻáśá¸áááŤáááşá
ááŽááŤááťáážáŹ ááąáŹáşááŹáá˝áą ááŻáśá¸ááŹá¸ááŻáśááᯠáááááŹá¸ááźááşáˇááŤá
ď§ My brother Rob, who lives in London, is a doctor.
áááşáááşáážáŹááąáá˛áˇ ááŤáˇáá˛áˇáĄá áşááᯠááąáŹáˇááşá áááŹáááşáá áşááąáŹááşááźá áşáááşá
ááááşáˇáááşááźáŽá¸ áážááşááŹá¸ááźáááşá áĄáá áşááážááşáááş ááááŹá¸ááŹáá˝áą áĄáááşááźááşáá˝ážáąá¸ááĄáąáŹááşá
ď§ áá°ááᯠáááşáá˝ážááşá¸áááŻáˇ áááŻáááş who áá˛áˇ that áááŻááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááş
ď§ áĄááŹááášááŻáá˝áąááᯠáááşáá˝ážááşá¸áááŻáˇ which áá˛áˇ that áááŻááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá
ááŤáá˝áą ááááźáŽá¸ááŹá¸ááąáŹáşá ááŻááşááźáŽá¸ áᯠáĄáá áşáááşáážááşááźáááşá
⼠Type 1 áážáŹ that ááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá
ď§ Do you know anyone who/that speaks French and Italian?
ááźááşáá áşá ááŹá¸ááąáŹ áĄáŽáááŽá ááŹá¸ááŤááźáąáŹáááŻááşáá˛áˇáá°áá áşááąáŹááşááąáŹááşááᯠáááşááťáŹá¸áááááŹá¸á (who áĄááźááş that áááşá¸ ááŻáśá¸áááŻáˇ ááááşááąáŹáş)
ď§ Barbara works for a company which/that makes furniture.
ááŹáááŹá áááááąáŹááá˝áąááŻááşáá˛áˇ ááŻáášáááŽáážáŹ áĄááŻááşááŻááşáááşá
â¤16đ13đ1
⼠Type 2 áážáŹ that áááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáá°á¸á
ď§ John, who (not that) speaks French and Italian, works as a tourist guide.
ááźááşáá áşá ááŹá¸ááąáŹ áĄáŽáááŽá ááŹá¸ááŤááźáąáŹáááşáá˛áˇ ááťá˝ááşá á§ááşáˇáááşá¸áá˝ážááşáĄááźá áş áĄááŻááşááŻááşáááşá
ď§ Colin told me about his new job, which (not that) heâs enjoying very much.
ááąáŹáááşá¸á áá°ááááşáááąáŹááťááąáá˛áˇ áĄááŻááşáá áşáĄááźáąáŹááşá¸ ááźáąáŹááźáááşá
⼠Type 1 áážáŹ who/which/that áááŻáˇá object ááźá áşááąáá˛áˇáĄááŤáážáŹ ááťááşááŹá¸áá˛áˇáááŻáˇááááşá
ď§ We stayed at the hotel (that/which) you recommended.
áááşá¸ááąáŹááşááśáá˛áˇáá˛áˇ áááŻáááşáážáŹ áááŻáˇáááşá¸áá˛áˇáááşá
ď§ This morning I met somebody (who/that) I hadnât seen for ages.
ááŽááááş ááŤááá˝áąáˇáááŹááźáŹáá˛áˇ áá áşááąáŹááşááąáŹááşáá˛áˇ áá˝áąáˇáá˛áˇáááşá
⼠ááŽááᯠclause ááťááŻá¸áážáŹ whom ááᯠááŻáśá¸ááąáˇááážáááŤáá°á¸á
Type 1 áĄááźáąáŹááşá¸ ááááźáŽá¸ááźáŽáááŻáááş Type 2 áá˛áˇ áážááŻááşá¸áážááşááźááşáˇááĄáąáŹááşá
⼠Type 2 áážáŹ who áááŻáˇ which áááŻáˇ ááťááşááŹá¸áá˛áˇáááŻáˇ ááááŤáá°á¸á
ď§ We stayed at the Park Hotel, which a friend of ours recommended.
áááŻáˇáá˛áˇ áá°áááşááťááşá¸áá áşááąáŹááş ááąáŹááşááśáá˛áˇáá˛áˇ ááŤáˇááşáááŻáááşáážáŹ áááŻáˇáááşá¸áá˛áˇáááşá
ď§ This morning I met Chris, who I hadnât seen for ages.
ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáşáá˛áˇ ááá˝áąáˇááᏠááźáŹááźáŽááźá áşáá˛áˇ ááá ášá áá˛áˇ ááŽááááşáá˝áąáˇáá˛áˇáááşá
⼠áá°áá˝áąáĄáá˝ááş whom ááᯠ(object ááźá áşááąáááş) ááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá
ď§ This morning I met Chris, whom I hadnât seen for ages.
ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáşáá˛áˇ ááá˝áąáˇááᏠááźáŹááźáŽááźá áşáá˛áˇ ááá ášá áá˛áˇ ááŽááááşáá˝áąáˇáá˛áˇáááşá
⼠áᎠrelative clause áážá áşááŻá ááŻáśá¸áážáŹ whose áá˛áˇ where ááᯠááŻáśá¸áááŻááşááŤáááşá
Type 1
ď§ We met some people whose car had broken.
ááŹá¸ááťááşáá˝áŹá¸áá˛áˇ áá°áá˝áąááᯠáááŻáˇáá˝áąáˇáá˛áˇáááşá
ď§ Whatâs the name of the place where you went on holiday?
ď§ áĄáŹá¸áááşáááşá áááşá¸áá˝áŹá¸áá˛áˇáá˛áˇ ááąááŹáá˛áˇ ááŹáááşá ááŹáá˛á
Type 2
ď§ Liz, whose car had broken down, was in a very bad mood.
ááŹá¸ááťááşáá˝áŹá¸áá˛áˇ áá áşááşá á áááşáááťááşá¸áááŹááźá áşááąáááşá
ď§ Jill has been to Sweden, where her daughter lives.
ááťáąááşá áá°áˇáá˛áˇáááŽá¸ááąáá˛áˇ áá˝áŽáááşááᯠááąáŹááşáá°á¸ááźáŽá
ááŽáážáŹááąáŹáˇ type 1 / type 2 á áááşááźááşáˇ áĄáá˝ááşáážááşáááŻááşáĄáąáŹááş ááźáąáŹááŹááąáŤáˇááąá type 1 ááᯠdefining clause / restricted clause á áááşááźááşáˇ ááąáŤáşáááŻááşáááᯠtype 2 ááᯠnon-defining clause / unrestricted clause á áááşááźááşáˇáááşá¸ ááąáŤáşáááŻááşáááşá
ááŤááźáŽá¸áááşááąáŹáˇ relative clause áá˛áˇ áááşáááşááźáŽá¸ ááąáŹááşááŻáśá¸ áááşáááşá¸á Ꮰáá áşááŻáᲠááťááşááŤááąáŹáˇáááşá Relative Clause (5) áážáŹ áááźáŹá¸ááŻáśá¸á á˝á˛ááŻáśááąá¸áá˝áą ááźáąáŹááźáŽá¸ áááşá áááşááŤáááşá Relative clause (5) ááźáŽá¸áá˛áˇáĄá፠ááąá¸ááźáŽá¸áá˛áˇáá˛áˇ (1) áááą (5) áĄáŹá¸ááŻáśá¸ááᯠá áŻááźáŽá¸ ááźááşáááşááąá¸ááŤáááşá
ááťáąá¸áá°á¸áááşááŤáááşáááşááťáŹá
áááŹá ááşáá°áááş
Ref: English Grammar in Use (Raymond Murphy)
ď§ John, who (not that) speaks French and Italian, works as a tourist guide.
ááźááşáá áşá ááŹá¸ááąáŹ áĄáŽáááŽá ááŹá¸ááŤááźáąáŹáááşáá˛áˇ ááťá˝ááşá á§ááşáˇáááşá¸áá˝ážááşáĄááźá áş áĄááŻááşááŻááşáááşá
ď§ Colin told me about his new job, which (not that) heâs enjoying very much.
ááąáŹáááşá¸á áá°ááááşáááąáŹááťááąáá˛áˇ áĄááŻááşáá áşáĄááźáąáŹááşá¸ ááźáąáŹááźáááşá
⼠Type 1 áážáŹ who/which/that áááŻáˇá object ááźá áşááąáá˛áˇáĄááŤáážáŹ ááťááşááŹá¸áá˛áˇáááŻáˇááááşá
ď§ We stayed at the hotel (that/which) you recommended.
áááşá¸ááąáŹááşááśáá˛áˇáá˛áˇ áááŻáááşáážáŹ áááŻáˇáááşá¸áá˛áˇáááşá
ď§ This morning I met somebody (who/that) I hadnât seen for ages.
ááŽááááş ááŤááá˝áąáˇáááŹááźáŹáá˛áˇ áá áşááąáŹááşááąáŹááşáá˛áˇ áá˝áąáˇáá˛áˇáááşá
⼠ááŽááᯠclause ááťááŻá¸áážáŹ whom ááᯠááŻáśá¸ááąáˇááážáááŤáá°á¸á
Type 1 áĄááźáąáŹááşá¸ ááááźáŽá¸ááźáŽáááŻáááş Type 2 áá˛áˇ áážááŻááşá¸áážááşááźááşáˇááĄáąáŹááşá
⼠Type 2 áážáŹ who áááŻáˇ which áááŻáˇ ááťááşááŹá¸áá˛áˇáááŻáˇ ááááŤáá°á¸á
ď§ We stayed at the Park Hotel, which a friend of ours recommended.
áááŻáˇáá˛áˇ áá°áááşááťááşá¸áá áşááąáŹááş ááąáŹááşááśáá˛áˇáá˛áˇ ááŤáˇááşáááŻáááşáážáŹ áááŻáˇáááşá¸áá˛áˇáááşá
ď§ This morning I met Chris, who I hadnât seen for ages.
ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáşáá˛áˇ ááá˝áąáˇááᏠááźáŹááźáŽááźá áşáá˛áˇ ááá ášá áá˛áˇ ááŽááááşáá˝áąáˇáá˛áˇáááşá
⼠áá°áá˝áąáĄáá˝ááş whom ááᯠ(object ááźá áşááąáááş) ááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá
ď§ This morning I met Chris, whom I hadnât seen for ages.
ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáşáá˛áˇ ááá˝áąáˇááᏠááźáŹááźáŽááźá áşáá˛áˇ ááá ášá áá˛áˇ ááŽááááşáá˝áąáˇáá˛áˇáááşá
⼠áᎠrelative clause áážá áşááŻá ááŻáśá¸áážáŹ whose áá˛áˇ where ááᯠááŻáśá¸áááŻááşááŤáááşá
Type 1
ď§ We met some people whose car had broken.
ááŹá¸ááťááşáá˝áŹá¸áá˛áˇ áá°áá˝áąááᯠáááŻáˇáá˝áąáˇáá˛áˇáááşá
ď§ Whatâs the name of the place where you went on holiday?
ď§ áĄáŹá¸áááşáááşá áááşá¸áá˝áŹá¸áá˛áˇáá˛áˇ ááąááŹáá˛áˇ ááŹáááşá ááŹáá˛á
Type 2
ď§ Liz, whose car had broken down, was in a very bad mood.
ááŹá¸ááťááşáá˝áŹá¸áá˛áˇ áá áşááşá á áááşáááťááşá¸áááŹááźá áşááąáááşá
ď§ Jill has been to Sweden, where her daughter lives.
ááťáąááşá áá°áˇáá˛áˇáááŽá¸ááąáá˛áˇ áá˝áŽáááşááᯠááąáŹááşáá°á¸ááźáŽá
ááŽáážáŹááąáŹáˇ type 1 / type 2 á áááşááźááşáˇ áĄáá˝ááşáážááşáááŻááşáĄáąáŹááş ááźáąáŹááŹááąáŤáˇááąá type 1 ááᯠdefining clause / restricted clause á áááşááźááşáˇ ááąáŤáşáááŻááşáááᯠtype 2 ááᯠnon-defining clause / unrestricted clause á áááşááźááşáˇáááşá¸ ááąáŤáşáááŻááşáááşá
ááŤááźáŽá¸áááşááąáŹáˇ relative clause áá˛áˇ áááşáááşááźáŽá¸ ááąáŹááşááŻáśá¸ áááşáááşá¸á Ꮰáá áşááŻáᲠááťááşááŤááąáŹáˇáááşá Relative Clause (5) áážáŹ áááźáŹá¸ááŻáśá¸á á˝á˛ááŻáśááąá¸áá˝áą ááźáąáŹááźáŽá¸ áááşá áááşááŤáááşá Relative clause (5) ááźáŽá¸áá˛áˇáĄá፠ááąá¸ááźáŽá¸áá˛áˇáá˛áˇ (1) áááą (5) áĄáŹá¸ááŻáśá¸ááᯠá áŻááźáŽá¸ ááźááşáááşááąá¸ááŤáááşá
ááťáąá¸áá°á¸áááşááŤáááşáááşááťáŹá
áááŹá ááşáá°áááş
Ref: English Grammar in Use (Raymond Murphy)
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Relative Clauses 5
Relative Clauses áááŻáá˛áˇ ááąáŤááşá¸á ááşáá˛áˇ ááźáąáŹááŹáᏠ(1,2,3,4) ááźáŽá¸ááŹáá˛áˇááźáŽá¸ áᯠááąáŹááşááŻáśá¸áá áşááŻááźá áşáá˛áˇ (5) ááᯠááąáŹááşááŹááŤááźáŽá ááŽááąáŹááşááᯠáĄááąáŹáşáááşá¸ ááŹá¸áááşááąáŹááşááźáŽ áááşááŤáááşá
ááŽáá áşááąáŤááşáážáŹ ááŻáśá áśáĄáá áşááąá¸áá˝áą ááąáˇááŹááźááşáˇááŤáŚá¸á
áááááŻáśá¸áá áşááŻá ááŽáááŻááŻáśá áśááŤá
A. Prepositions + whom/which
Preposition áá áşááŻááᯠwhom (áá°áá˝áąáĄáá˝ááş) / which (áĄááŹááášááŻáá˝áąáĄáá˝ááş) áá˛áˇ áážáąáˇáážáŹ ááŻáśá¸áááŻááşááŤáááşá ááŽáááŻáááŻááąáŹáˇ to whom/ with whom/ about which/ without which á áááşááźááşáˇ ááźáąáŹáááŻááşááŹááąáŤáˇá
áĽáááŹááąá¸áá˝áą ááźááşáˇááĄáąáŹááşá
ď§ Mr Lee, to whom I spoke at the meeting, is very interested in our proposal.
áĄá ááşá¸áĄááąá¸áážáŹ ááŤá ááŹá¸ááźáąáŹáá˛áˇáá˛áˇ áá ášá ááŹááŽá áááŻáˇáá˛áˇ áĄáááŻááźáŻááťááşáážáŹ áĄááťáŹá¸ááźáŽá¸ á áááşáááşá áŹá¸áá˛áˇáááşá
ááŽááŤááťáážáŹ áá°ááŻáášáááŻááşááźá áşáá˛áˇ Mr Lee ááᯠááźááşááźáŽá¸ áá˝ážááşá¸ááąá¸ááťááşááŹáááŻáˇ whom ááᯠááŻáśá¸áááşá preposition ááᯠto ááŻáśá¸ááťááşááŹáááŻáˇ to whom áááŻááźáŽá¸ ááŻáśá¸ááŹááąáŤáˇá
ď§ Fortunately we had a map, without which we would have got lost.
ááśááąáŹááşá¸áááŻáˇ ááŤáááŻáˇáážáŹ ááźáąááŻáśáážáááąáá˛áˇáááşá áĄá˛ááŤáᏠááážááááş áááŻáˇáááşá¸ááťáąáŹááşááąááąáŹáˇáážáŹá
ááŽááŤááťáážáŹááąáŹáˇ áĄááŹááášááŻááźá áşáá˛áˇ map ááᯠáá˝ážááşá¸ááťááşááŹáááŻáˇ which ááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá preposition áá˛áˇ ááŻáśá¸ááťááşááŹáááŻáˇ without which áááŻááźáŽá¸ ááŻáśá¸áááşá
ááąáŤáˇááąáŤáˇááŤá¸ááŤá¸ááŻáśá¸áá˛áˇ áĄááşášáááááşá áŹáážáŹááąáŹáˇ relative clause áážáŹ preposition ááᯠverb áá˛áˇ ááąáŹááşáážáŹ ááŹá¸ááąáˇáážáááŤáááşá ááŽáááŻááŻáśá¸áá˛áˇáĄááŤáážáŹ áá°áá˝áąáĄáá˝ááş whom áááŻáśá¸áᲠwho ááŻáśá¸ááąáˇáážáááŤáááşá
ááŽáááŻááźáąáŹááŻáśáá˛áˇ ááťááşááŻáśá¸áá˛áážáŹ áááşááąáŤáşááŤáˇááá˛ááąáŹáşá ááŽááąáŹáˇ áĽáááŹááąá¸áá˝áąáá˛áˇ áá˝á˛ááźááşáˇááááşá
ď§ This is my friend from Canada, who I was telling you about.
ááŤá ááŤááźáąáŹááźáąáŹááąáá˛áˇ áááąááŤá ááŤáˇáá°áááşááťááşá¸ááąá
ááŽááŤááťáážáŹ á ááŹá¸ááźáąáŹááŻáśáĄáááŻááşá¸ ááąáŤáˇááąáŤáˇááŤá¸ááŤá¸ ááŻáśá¸ááŹááźá áşáá˛áˇ áĄáá˝ááş to whom áááŻááźáŽá¸ áááşáˇáááşáˇááŹá¸ááŹá¸ áááŻáśá¸ááąáŹáˇáᲠwho áááş verb áá˛áˇááąáŹááşáážáŹ preposition ááźá áşáá˛áˇ about ááᯠáá˝á˛ááŻáśá¸ááŹá¸áᏠáááááŹá¸áááážáŹááąáŤáˇá
ááąáŹááşáááş áĽáááŹáá áşááźáąáŹááşá¸ááᯠááźááşáˇááŤáŚá¸á
ď§ Yesterday we visited the City Museum, which Iâd never been to before.
áááąáˇááŻááşá¸á ááŤáĄáááşááá áşááŤááž áááąáŹááşáá°á¸áá˛áˇáá˛áˇ City Museum ááᯠáá˝áŹá¸áá˛áˇáááşá
B. All of/most of etc. + whom/which
ááąáŹááşáááş ááŻáśá¸á á˝á˛ááŻáśáá áşááŻááźá áşáá˛áˇ All of/most of etc. + whom/which ááᯠááźááşáˇááĄáąáŹááşá
ááŽáĽáááŹááąá¸áá˝áąááᯠáĄáááşááźááşáˇááŤá
Mary has three brothers. All of them are married. (ááŤááťáážá áşááźáąáŹááşá¸)
Mary has three brothers, all of whom are married. (ááŤááťáá áşááźáąáŹááşá¸áááşá¸ ááźá áşáá˝áŹá¸ááźáŽ)
ááąááŽáážáŹ áĄá áşááᯠááŻáśá¸ááąáŹááşáážááááşá áĄááŻááşááŻáśá¸á áĄáááşááąáŹááşáá˛áˇá
They asked me a lot of questions. I couldnât answer most of them. (ááŤááťáážá áşááźáąáŹááşá¸)
They asked me a lot questions, most of which I couldnât answer. (ááŤááťáá áşááźáąáŹááşá¸)
áá°áááŻáˇá ááŤáˇááᯠááąá¸áá˝ááşá¸áá˝áąáĄááťáŹá¸ááźáŽá¸ ááąá¸áá˛áˇáááşá áĄááťáŹá¸á áŻááᯠááŤáááźáąáááŻááşáá°á¸á
ááŽáááşá¸áĄáááŻááşá¸áᲠáááŻáˇá ááŻáááŻáá˝áąáááşá¸ ááźáąáŹáááŻááşáááşá
none of / neither of /any of / either of + whom (people) / which (things)
some of / many of / much of / (a) few of + whom (people) / which (things)
both of / half of / each of / one of / two of etc. + whom (people) / which (things)
ď§ Martin tried on three jackets, none of which fitted him.
ááŹáááşá ááťáŹáááş ááŻáśá¸áááşááᯠá ááşá¸áááşááźááşáˇáááşá áá áşáááşááž áá°áá˛áˇ áááąáŹáşáá°á¸á
ď§ Two men, neither of whom I had seen before, came into the office.
ááŤáá áşááŤáážáááźááşáá°á¸áá˛áˇ áá°áážá áşááąáŹááş ááŻáśá¸áááşá¸áá˛ááᯠáááşááŹáááşá
ď§ Theyâve got three cars, two of which they rarely use.
áá°áááŻáˇáážáŹ ááŹá¸ááŻáśá¸á áŽá¸áážááááşá áážá áşá áŽá¸ááᯠáá°áááŻáˇ ááŻáśá¸áá˛áááşá
ď§ Sue has a lot of friends, many of whom she was at school with.
áá°á¸áážáŹ áá°áááşááťááşá¸áá˝áą áĄááťáŹá¸ááźáŽá¸ áážááááşá áĄááťáŹá¸á áŻáááąáŹáˇ ááťáąáŹááşá¸áĄáá°áá° áááşáá˛áˇáá°áá˝áąááŤá
the cause of which / the name of which etc. áááŻáˇáááşá¸ ááźáąáŹáááŻááşáááşá
ď§ The building was destroyed in a fire, the cause of which was never established.
ááŽáĄááąáŹááşáĄáŚá¸á ááŽá¸áá˛áážáŹ ááťááşá áŽá¸áá˝áŹá¸áááşá ááŽá¸ááąáŹááşááá˛áˇ áĄááźáąáŹááşá¸áááşá¸ááᯠáĄáááŻááşáĄáᏠáááşááąáááźáááŻááşáá°á¸á
ď§ We stayed a t a beautiful hotel, the name of which I canât remember now.
ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáşáááŻáˇá áážááá˛áˇáááŻáááşáážáŹ áááşá¸áá˛áˇáááşá áááŻáááş ááŹáááşáááŻááąáŹáˇ áᯠááážááşááááąáŹáˇáá°á¸á
C. Which (not what)
ááŽáĽáááŹááᯠááźááşáˇááŤá
Joe got the job. This surprised everybody. (ááŤááťáážá áşááźáąáŹááşá¸)
Joe got the job, which surprised everybody. (ááŤááťáá áşááźáąáŹááşá¸)
ááťááŻá¸áĄááŻááşááá˛áˇáááşá ááŤá áá°áááŻááşá¸ááᯠáĄáśááźáá˝áŹá¸á áąáá˛áˇáááşá
Relative Clauses áááŻáá˛áˇ ááąáŤááşá¸á ááşáá˛áˇ ááźáąáŹááŹáᏠ(1,2,3,4) ááźáŽá¸ááŹáá˛áˇááźáŽá¸ áᯠááąáŹááşááŻáśá¸áá áşááŻááźá áşáá˛áˇ (5) ááᯠááąáŹááşááŹááŤááźáŽá ááŽááąáŹááşááᯠáĄááąáŹáşáááşá¸ ááŹá¸áááşááąáŹááşááźáŽ áááşááŤáááşá
ááŽáá áşááąáŤááşáážáŹ ááŻáśá áśáĄáá áşááąá¸áá˝áą ááąáˇááŹááźááşáˇááŤáŚá¸á
áááááŻáśá¸áá áşááŻá ááŽáááŻááŻáśá áśááŤá
A. Prepositions + whom/which
Preposition áá áşááŻááᯠwhom (áá°áá˝áąáĄáá˝ááş) / which (áĄááŹááášááŻáá˝áąáĄáá˝ááş) áá˛áˇ áážáąáˇáážáŹ ááŻáśá¸áááŻááşááŤáááşá ááŽáááŻáááŻááąáŹáˇ to whom/ with whom/ about which/ without which á áááşááźááşáˇ ááźáąáŹáááŻááşááŹááąáŤáˇá
áĽáááŹááąá¸áá˝áą ááźááşáˇááĄáąáŹááşá
ď§ Mr Lee, to whom I spoke at the meeting, is very interested in our proposal.
áĄá ááşá¸áĄááąá¸áážáŹ ááŤá ááŹá¸ááźáąáŹáá˛áˇáá˛áˇ áá ášá ááŹááŽá áááŻáˇáá˛áˇ áĄáááŻááźáŻááťááşáážáŹ áĄááťáŹá¸ááźáŽá¸ á áááşáááşá áŹá¸áá˛áˇáááşá
ááŽááŤááťáážáŹ áá°ááŻáášáááŻááşááźá áşáá˛áˇ Mr Lee ááᯠááźááşááźáŽá¸ áá˝ážááşá¸ááąá¸ááťááşááŹáááŻáˇ whom ááᯠááŻáśá¸áááşá preposition ááᯠto ááŻáśá¸ááťááşááŹáááŻáˇ to whom áááŻááźáŽá¸ ááŻáśá¸ááŹááąáŤáˇá
ď§ Fortunately we had a map, without which we would have got lost.
ááśááąáŹááşá¸áááŻáˇ ááŤáááŻáˇáážáŹ ááźáąááŻáśáážáááąáá˛áˇáááşá áĄá˛ááŤáᏠááážááááş áááŻáˇáááşá¸ááťáąáŹááşááąááąáŹáˇáážáŹá
ááŽááŤááťáážáŹááąáŹáˇ áĄááŹááášááŻááźá áşáá˛áˇ map ááᯠáá˝ážááşá¸ááťááşááŹáááŻáˇ which ááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá preposition áá˛áˇ ááŻáśá¸ááťááşááŹáááŻáˇ without which áááŻááźáŽá¸ ááŻáśá¸áááşá
ááąáŤáˇááąáŤáˇááŤá¸ááŤá¸ááŻáśá¸áá˛áˇ áĄááşášáááááşá áŹáážáŹááąáŹáˇ relative clause áážáŹ preposition ááᯠverb áá˛áˇ ááąáŹááşáážáŹ ááŹá¸ááąáˇáážáááŤáááşá ááŽáááŻááŻáśá¸áá˛áˇáĄááŤáážáŹ áá°áá˝áąáĄáá˝ááş whom áááŻáśá¸áᲠwho ááŻáśá¸ááąáˇáážáááŤáááşá
ááŽáááŻááźáąáŹááŻáśáá˛áˇ ááťááşááŻáśá¸áá˛áážáŹ áááşááąáŤáşááŤáˇááá˛ááąáŹáşá ááŽááąáŹáˇ áĽáááŹááąá¸áá˝áąáá˛áˇ áá˝á˛ááźááşáˇááááşá
ď§ This is my friend from Canada, who I was telling you about.
ááŤá ááŤááźáąáŹááźáąáŹááąáá˛áˇ áááąááŤá ááŤáˇáá°áááşááťááşá¸ááąá
ááŽááŤááťáážáŹ á ááŹá¸ááźáąáŹááŻáśáĄáááŻááşá¸ ááąáŤáˇááąáŤáˇááŤá¸ááŤá¸ ááŻáśá¸ááŹááźá áşáá˛áˇ áĄáá˝ááş to whom áááŻááźáŽá¸ áááşáˇáááşáˇááŹá¸ááŹá¸ áááŻáśá¸ááąáŹáˇáᲠwho áááş verb áá˛áˇááąáŹááşáážáŹ preposition ááźá áşáá˛áˇ about ááᯠáá˝á˛ááŻáśá¸ááŹá¸áᏠáááááŹá¸áááážáŹááąáŤáˇá
ááąáŹááşáááş áĽáááŹáá áşááźáąáŹááşá¸ááᯠááźááşáˇááŤáŚá¸á
ď§ Yesterday we visited the City Museum, which Iâd never been to before.
áááąáˇááŻááşá¸á ááŤáĄáááşááá áşááŤááž áááąáŹááşáá°á¸áá˛áˇáá˛áˇ City Museum ááᯠáá˝áŹá¸áá˛áˇáááşá
B. All of/most of etc. + whom/which
ááąáŹááşáááş ááŻáśá¸á á˝á˛ááŻáśáá áşááŻááźá áşáá˛áˇ All of/most of etc. + whom/which ááᯠááźááşáˇááĄáąáŹááşá
ááŽáĽáááŹááąá¸áá˝áąááᯠáĄáááşááźááşáˇááŤá
Mary has three brothers. All of them are married. (ááŤááťáážá áşááźáąáŹááşá¸)
Mary has three brothers, all of whom are married. (ááŤááťáá áşááźáąáŹááşá¸áááşá¸ ááźá áşáá˝áŹá¸ááźáŽ)
ááąááŽáážáŹ áĄá áşááᯠááŻáśá¸ááąáŹááşáážááááşá áĄááŻááşááŻáśá¸á áĄáááşááąáŹááşáá˛áˇá
They asked me a lot of questions. I couldnât answer most of them. (ááŤááťáážá áşááźáąáŹááşá¸)
They asked me a lot questions, most of which I couldnât answer. (ááŤááťáá áşááźáąáŹááşá¸)
áá°áááŻáˇá ááŤáˇááᯠááąá¸áá˝ááşá¸áá˝áąáĄááťáŹá¸ááźáŽá¸ ááąá¸áá˛áˇáááşá áĄááťáŹá¸á áŻááᯠááŤáááźáąáááŻááşáá°á¸á
ááŽáááşá¸áĄáááŻááşá¸áᲠáááŻáˇá ááŻáááŻáá˝áąáááşá¸ ááźáąáŹáááŻááşáááşá
none of / neither of /any of / either of + whom (people) / which (things)
some of / many of / much of / (a) few of + whom (people) / which (things)
both of / half of / each of / one of / two of etc. + whom (people) / which (things)
ď§ Martin tried on three jackets, none of which fitted him.
ááŹáááşá ááťáŹáááş ááŻáśá¸áááşááᯠá ááşá¸áááşááźááşáˇáááşá áá áşáááşááž áá°áá˛áˇ áááąáŹáşáá°á¸á
ď§ Two men, neither of whom I had seen before, came into the office.
ááŤáá áşááŤáážáááźááşáá°á¸áá˛áˇ áá°áážá áşááąáŹááş ááŻáśá¸áááşá¸áá˛ááᯠáááşááŹáááşá
ď§ Theyâve got three cars, two of which they rarely use.
áá°áááŻáˇáážáŹ ááŹá¸ááŻáśá¸á áŽá¸áážááááşá áážá áşá áŽá¸ááᯠáá°áááŻáˇ ááŻáśá¸áá˛áááşá
ď§ Sue has a lot of friends, many of whom she was at school with.
áá°á¸áážáŹ áá°áááşááťááşá¸áá˝áą áĄááťáŹá¸ááźáŽá¸ áážááááşá áĄááťáŹá¸á áŻáááąáŹáˇ ááťáąáŹááşá¸áĄáá°áá° áááşáá˛áˇáá°áá˝áąááŤá
the cause of which / the name of which etc. áááŻáˇáááşá¸ ááźáąáŹáááŻááşáááşá
ď§ The building was destroyed in a fire, the cause of which was never established.
ááŽáĄááąáŹááşáĄáŚá¸á ááŽá¸áá˛áážáŹ ááťááşá áŽá¸áá˝áŹá¸áááşá ááŽá¸ááąáŹááşááá˛áˇ áĄááźáąáŹááşá¸áááşá¸ááᯠáĄáááŻááşáĄáᏠáááşááąáááźáááŻááşáá°á¸á
ď§ We stayed a t a beautiful hotel, the name of which I canât remember now.
ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáşáááŻáˇá áážááá˛áˇáááŻáááşáážáŹ áááşá¸áá˛áˇáááşá áááŻáááş ááŹáááşáááŻááąáŹáˇ áᯠááážááşááááąáŹáˇáá°á¸á
C. Which (not what)
ááŽáĽáááŹááᯠááźááşáˇááŤá
Joe got the job. This surprised everybody. (ááŤááťáážá áşááźáąáŹááşá¸)
Joe got the job, which surprised everybody. (ááŤááťáá áşááźáąáŹááşá¸)
ááťááŻá¸áĄááŻááşááá˛áˇáááşá ááŤá áá°áááŻááşá¸ááᯠáĄáśááźáá˝áŹá¸á áąáá˛áˇáááşá
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ááŽáĽáááŹáážáŹ which á the fact that he got the job (áá°áĄááŻááşááá˛áˇáááşáááŻáá˛áˇáĄááťááş) áááŻáˇ áááŻáááŻáááşá ááŽááᯠááŤááťáá˝áąáážáŹ what áááŻáśá¸áᲠwhich ááŻáśá¸ááááşá what á áááá˛áˇáĄáááŻááşá¸ the thing(s) that áááŻáˇ áááŻáááŻáááşááąá áĽáááŹ- Did you hear what they said? áá°ááźáąáŹáá˛áˇáᏠáááşá¸ááźáŹá¸áá˛áˇáááŹá¸á
Which ááŻáśá¸á á˝á˛ááŻáś áĽáááŹáá˝áą áááşááźááşáˇááĄáąáŹááşá
ď§ Sarah couldnât meet us, which was a pity. (what was a pity áááŻáˇ áááŻáśá¸á)
ááŹááŹá áááŻáˇáá˛áˇ ááá˝áąáˇáááŻááşáá°á¸á á áááşáááąáŹááşá¸á ááŹáá˛á (ááá˝áąáˇáááŻááşáá°á¸áááŻáá˛áˇ áĄááťááşá á áááşáááąáŹááşá¸á ááŹáá˛)
ď§ The weather was good, which we hadnât expected. (what we hadnât expected áááŻáˇ áááŻáśá¸á)
ááŹááŽáĽááŻá ááąáŹááşá¸áááşá áááŻáˇáááťážáąáŹáşáááşáˇááŹá¸áá˛áˇáááá°á¸á (ááŹááŽáĽáᯠááąáŹááşá¸áááşáááŻáá˛áˇ áĄááťááşááᯠáááťážáąáŹáşáááşáˇááŹá¸áá˛áˇáááá°á¸á)
ááŻááźáąáŹáá˛áˇááŹáá˝áąááᯠáĄááťááşá¸ááťáŻááş ááźááşááźááşáˇááźáááşá
1. Preposition + whom (for people) / which (for things) ááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá ááŤááźáąáŹááşáˇ to whom / with whom / about which / without which á áááşááźááşáˇ ááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá
2. Informal English áážáŹááąáŹáˇ relative clause áážáŹ preposition ááᯠverb ááąáŹááşáážáŹáᲠááŹá¸áááşá ááŽáááŻááŤááťáážáŹ whom áááŻáśá¸áᲠwho ááŻáśá¸áááşá
3. All of / most of etc. + whom/ which ááŻáśá áś ááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá
4. Which áááŻáᏠthe fact that ⌠áááŻáá˛áˇ áĄáááášááŹááşááááşá ááŽáááŻááŤááťáážáŹ what áááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáá°á¸á
áááŹá ááşáá°áááş
Ref: English Grammar in Use (Raymond Murphy)
Which ááŻáśá¸á á˝á˛ááŻáś áĽáááŹáá˝áą áááşááźááşáˇááĄáąáŹááşá
ď§ Sarah couldnât meet us, which was a pity. (what was a pity áááŻáˇ áááŻáśá¸á)
ááŹááŹá áááŻáˇáá˛áˇ ááá˝áąáˇáááŻááşáá°á¸á á áááşáááąáŹááşá¸á ááŹáá˛á (ááá˝áąáˇáááŻááşáá°á¸áááŻáá˛áˇ áĄááťááşá á áááşáááąáŹááşá¸á ááŹáá˛)
ď§ The weather was good, which we hadnât expected. (what we hadnât expected áááŻáˇ áááŻáśá¸á)
ááŹááŽáĽááŻá ááąáŹááşá¸áááşá áááŻáˇáááťážáąáŹáşáááşáˇááŹá¸áá˛áˇáááá°á¸á (ááŹááŽáĽáᯠááąáŹááşá¸áááşáááŻáá˛áˇ áĄááťááşááᯠáááťážáąáŹáşáááşáˇááŹá¸áá˛áˇáááá°á¸á)
ááŻááźáąáŹáá˛áˇááŹáá˝áąááᯠáĄááťááşá¸ááťáŻááş ááźááşááźááşáˇááźáááşá
1. Preposition + whom (for people) / which (for things) ááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá ááŤááźáąáŹááşáˇ to whom / with whom / about which / without which á áááşááźááşáˇ ááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá
2. Informal English áážáŹááąáŹáˇ relative clause áážáŹ preposition ááᯠverb ááąáŹááşáážáŹáᲠááŹá¸áááşá ááŽáááŻááŤááťáážáŹ whom áááŻáśá¸áᲠwho ááŻáśá¸áááşá
3. All of / most of etc. + whom/ which ááŻáśá áś ááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáááşá
4. Which áááŻáᏠthe fact that ⌠áááŻáá˛áˇ áĄáááášááŹááşááááşá ááŽáááŻááŤááťáážáŹ what áááŻáśá¸áááŻááşáá°á¸á
áááŹá ááşáá°áááş
Ref: English Grammar in Use (Raymond Murphy)
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