#ETHER101


FIRST A BRIEF HISTORY OF ETHER PHYSICS
Research in ether physics was seriously pursued from the early 17th century almost to the middle of this century, by the greatest minds in science and experimental philosophy. The following is a brief accounting of the main contributors and their theories:

- Rene Descarte (1596-1650) - a. A dynamic vortex ether; b. a theory of celestial vortices.

- Johann Bernoulle (1667-1748) - Deduced Kepler's laws from Descarte's vortex theories.

- Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
a. Mathematical theory of gravity;
b. corpuscular theory of light;
c. free space completely empty.

- Michael Faraday (1781-1867) - Electric, elastic solid ether (Tesla's later theory based on this).

- G. C. Maxwell (1831 -1897) - Ether vortex theory revived in electromagnetism field.

- George Stokes (1819-1903) - Dynamic ether (reconcilable with Descarte's ether vortices).

- HA. Lorentz (1853-1928) - Theory of a quiescent stationary ether (C.F. Krafft called it "stagnant" and a close forerunner to the Poincare-Einstein theory of relativity).

- Michelson-Morley Experiment (1881) - Proved already weak Lorentz theory wrong, and inconclusively forced a choice between:
a. a dynamic interstellar ether ala Descartes and Stokes; or,
b. empty space without ether ala Newton and Einstein (the prevailing theory).

- Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) - 1893-94 Dynamic Theory of Gravity, based on Faraday's "electric elastic solid ether", and J. J. Thomson's "Electromagnetic Momentum":
a. All bodies have electrical content, mass a product of ether swirls;
b. dynamic, elastic ether composed of independent carriers in an
insulative fluid, which permeates all space and all bodies;
c. movement of bodies generates microwaves (electrostatic forces) by inductance principles;
d. microwaves rigidify the ether within a body's electric field;
e. movement of bodies through rigidified ether, containing tubes of
electric and magnetic force, creates gravitational interactance.

20th Century Ether Vortex Theory -
a. Hydro mechanical ether without atomic oscillators (no ordinary frictional viscosity);
b. 'idealized' quasi frictional viscosity;
c. polarity controlled without energy dissipation.

Nikola Tesla's life (1856 - 1943) spanned two scientific periods: that of the 19th century which saw the universe as filled with an invisible matter, "the aether", and that of the 20th century which saw the universe as an empty vacuum with bits of matter in random motion. As an example of the difference between these two world views when the idea of the electron was proposed at the end of the 1800s it was then pictured as a spinning vortex of this aether that condensed into solid matter.

Man's Greatest Achievement - by Nikola Tesla - New York American - July 6, 1930:

"The primary substance, thrown into infinitesimal whirls of prodigious velocity, becomes gross matter; the force subsiding, the motion ceases and matter disappears, reverting to the primary substance".

Mr. Tesla's vision: How the Electrician's Lamp of Aladdin May Construct New Worlds - by Nikola Tesla - New York Times - April 21, 1908:



"According to an adopted theory, every ponderable atom is differentiated from a tenuous (fragile, vague) fluid, filling all space merely by spinning motion, as a whirl of water in a calm lake. By being set in movement this fluid, the ether, becomes gross matter. Its movement arrested (halted), the primary substance reverts to its normal state. It appears, then, possible for man through harnessed energy of the medium and suitable agencies for starting and stopping ether whirls to cause matter to form and disappear. At his command, almost without effort on his part, old worlds would vanish and new ones would spring into being. He could alter the size of this planet, control its seasons, adjust its distance from the sun, guide it on its eternal journey along any path he might choose, through the depths of the universe. He could make planets collide and produce his suns and stars, his heat and light ; he could originate life in all its infinite forms. To cause at will the birth and death of matter would be man's grandest deed, which would give him the mastery of physical creation, make him fulfill his ultimate destiny. "

The Transformation Of Matter - English Mechanic & World of Science - July 14, 1905



In the 19th Century, scientists Michael Farady, James Clerk Maxwell and Heinrich Hertz formulated a theory that described electromagnetic phenomena. This theory indicated that electric and magnetic forces resulted from the effect of electric and magnetic fields existing in space between electric charges. These electric charges were produced by the ether, which was thought to be able to exert electric forces on ordinary matter. Hertz showed that moving electromagnetic fields could break away from ordinary matter and propagate through the ether as independent electromagnetic waves carrying energy. These electromagnetic waves come in both visible and invisible forms. Hertz showed that visible light is one visible form of the electromagnetic wave. Invisible electromagnetic waves include radio waves, x-rays and microwaves. The concept of such waves moving through the ether can be likened to the waves that spread over a pond after a stone is thrown into the water. The ripples in the pond can be thought of as the equivalent of electromagnetic waves, and the still water as the equivalent of the ether. In a pond, the force of the stone hitting the water results in the ripples. One of the things puzzling the scientists of Einstein's time was what exactly caused the formation of electromagnetic fields whose independent movement resulted in the electromagnetic waves which they conceived of as moving through space.

The Michelson–Morley experiment was published in 1887 by Albert A. Michelson and Edward W. Morley and performed at what is now Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. It compared the speed of light in perpendicular directions, in an attempt to detect the relative motion of matter through the stationary luminiferous aether ("aether wind"). The negative results are generally considered to be the first strong evidence against the then-prevalent aether theory, and initiated a line of research that eventually led to special relativity, in which the stationary aether concept has no role. The experiment has been referred to as "the moving-off point for the theoretical aspects of the Second Scientific Revolution".

On the book ‘Universe and Dr.Einstein’, by Lincoln Barnett, London, 1949, page 38 it can be read:



" Among those who pondered the enigma of the Michelson-Morley experiment was a young patent office examiner in Berne, named Albert Einstein. In 1905, when he was just twenty-six years old, he published a short paper suggesting an answer to the riddle in terms that opened up a new world of physical thought. He began by rejecting the ether theory and with it the whole idea of space as a fixed system or framework, absolutely at rest, within which it is possible to distinguish absolute from relative motion. The one indisputable fact established by the Michelson-Morley experiment was that the velocity of light in unaffected by the motion of the earth. Einstein seized on this as a revelation of universal law. If the velocity of light is constant regardless of the earth’s motion, he reasoned, it must be constant regardless of motion of any Sun, moon, star, meteor, or other syatem moving anywhere in universe. From this he drew a broader generalization, and asserted that the laws of nature are the same for alls uniformly moving system. This simple statement is the essence of Einstein’s Special theory of Relativity. It incorporates the Galilean Relativity Principle which states that mechanical laws are the same for all uniformly moving systems. But its phrasing is more comprehensive; for Einstein was thinking not only of mechanical laws laws but of the laws governing light and other electromagnetic phenomena. So he lumped them together in one fundamental postulate: all the phenomena of nature, all the law of nature, are the same for all systems that move uniformly relative to one another"

BATTLE : TESLA vs EINSTEIN

Einstein

The ether was thought to be a backdrop at a state of absolute rest against which the movement of elements of the cosmos occurred. In his articles in 1905 Einstein didn't really fully rejected the existence of Ether. He only suggested a mathematical treatment of some relativistic problems. In 1920, after he developed the General relativity, he arrived to the conclusion that the ether should exist. This fact is of enormous importance, when citing the contributions of Albert Einstein. The Einstein statement from 1920 is missing in the scholar physics textbooks, where only his articles from 1905 are mentioned.



Ether & Relativity - by Albert Einstein - University of Leiden - 5 May 1920:

"The ether of the general theory of relativity is a medium which is itself devoid of all mechanical and kinematical qualities, but helps to determine mechanical (and electromagnetic) events."



Albert Einstein in 1920:

“To deny ether is ultimately to assume that empty space has no physical quality whatever. The fundamental facts of quantum mechanics do not harmonize with this view.”

Tesla

Nikola Tesla, [transcribed manuscript, found in an old fire-helmet as small manuscript used as lining].

" They say much about the Einstein's theory now. According to Einstein the ether does not exist and many people agree with him. But it is a mistake in my opinion. Ether's opponents refer to the experiments of Michelson-Morley, who made attempts to detect the Earth's movement relative to the fixed-bed ether. These experiments failed, however it didn't mean the ether's non existence. I always based as fact the existence of mechanical ether in my works and therefore I could achieve positive success. "

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Tesla --

"What is the ether and why is it so difficult to detect it ? I reflected on this matter for a seriously long time and here are the outcomes I have been led to: I think that all the contradictions about whether the ether exists or not are the result of wrong interpretation of ether's properties. The ether has always been presented as an aero-form environment [gaseous]. That was the essential mistake. The ether has a very strong density. It is known that of more dense a substance , the higher is the speed of wave propagation within it. When comparing acoustic speed in the air and the light speed I have drawn a conclusion that** ether density is several thousand times higher than air density** . It is not the ether that is aero-form [gaseous] but the material world is an aero-form to the ether !

A good example for such an interaction becomes apparent in gravitation , which should rather be named, universal compression. I think the material bodies do not gravitate between each other but it is the ether that makes one material body to press to another . We wrongly call this phenomenon gravitation. We can also feel ether's reaction when sudden acceleration or braking (inertia) . The stars, planets and all the universe appeared from the ether when some part of it, due to certain reasons, became less dense .

It can be compared with formation of blebs [air bubbles] in boiling water although such a comparison is only rough. The ether tries to return itself to its initial state by compressing our world, but intrinsic electric charge within material the world substance obstructs this . It is similar to that when the water compresses blebs [air bubbles] filled with hot water steam.
Until the steam does get cold the water is unable to compress the bleb. With time, having lost the intrinsic electric charge, our world will be compressed with the ether and is going to turn into ether. Having come out of the ether once - so it will go back into the ether. "

Tesla was generally antagonistic towards theories about the conversion of matter into energy. He was also critical of Einstein's theory of relativity.

As determined by Nikola Tesla in his tests, at sufficiently high frequency and voltage, the ether becomes "solid state" , which means that it behaves similar to a solid mass under such circumstances. This obviously tended to confirm Faraday's theory of an "electric, elastic, solid ether" (solid to heat and light, but which allowed solid bodies to pass through). Tesla stressed the space between two electrified plates, in his original experiments, and also explored "unipolarity" of a single electrode or plate

According to Lorentz's hypothesis, gravity is the result of an imbalance in electrostatic charge/content, this imbalance should also explain Newton's laws, except there was no provision for the dynamism of the universe in it. Since Nikola Tesla knew Lorentz, Tesla said that electrostatic force is the most important force for us to study.