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Immunology PPT

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🔺Cary-Blair transport medium 

is the recommended medium for transporting enteric bacteria including Vibrio cholerae

🔺 Other media that can be used include
👉 alkaline peptone water (APW), alkaline, bile-salt, tellurite peptone broth, and sea-salt medium. 

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Alkaline peptone water (APW) 

👉 A special medium for Vibrio organisms
- Can be used as a transport and enrichment medium

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Alkaline, bile-salt, tellurite peptone broth 

A good method for transporting specimens from the field to the laboratory
👉 Can be used for short-term enrichment

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Sea-salt medium 

Can maintain V. cholerae for up to four weeks

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Amies transport medium

👉 It is a semi-solid gel used to transport clinical swab samples to a laboratory for analysis. It's a modified version of Stuart transport medium, with the addition of charcoal and an inorganic phosphate buffer. 
👉 It is a transport medium used to preserve the viability of anaerobes such as Neisseria gonorrhea and other pathogens from swabs.


👉 was confirmed as a useful transport medium for Corynebacterium diphtheriae


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🧫 Well-Known Fungal Organisms Causing Diseases (Mycology) 🍄
🔹 1️⃣ Candida albicans
💥 Causes: Candidiasis (oral thrush, vaginal yeast infection)
🧪 Lab Tests:
• Germ tube test 🌱
• CHROMagar Candida 🧍‍♀️🧍‍♂️
• Gram stain (yeast cells + pseudohyphae) 🔬
🔹 2️⃣ Aspergillus fumigatus
💥 Causes: Aspergillosis (lung infection, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis)
🧪 Lab Tests:
• Lactophenol cotton blue (LPCB) mount 🔵
• Culture on Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar (SDA) 🍞
• Galactomannan antigen test 🧬
🔹 3️⃣ Cryptococcus neoformans
💥 Causes: Cryptococcosis (mainly meningitis in immunocompromised patients)
🧪 Lab Tests:
• India ink preparation ⚫ (capsule seen as clear halo)
• Cryptococcal antigen test (CSF/serum) 💧
• Culture on Bird seed agar 🐦
🔹 4️⃣ Dermatophytes (Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton)
💥 Causes: Tinea / Ringworm infections 🌀
🧪 Lab Tests:
• KOH mount (skin/hair/nail scraping) 🔍
• Wood’s lamp examination 💡
• Culture on SDA with cycloheximide 🧫
🔹 5️⃣ Histoplasma capsulatum
💥 Causes: Histoplasmosis (respiratory infection) 🌬️
🧪 Lab Tests:
• Giemsa or PAS stain (yeast inside macrophages) 🩸
• Culture (dimorphic fungus: mold ↔ yeast) 🌡️
• Antigen detection test 🧬
📚 Tip: Always handle fungal cultures in a biosafety cabinet 🧤🧼
📢 Share this post to spread lab knowledge!
#Mycology #LabTests #FungalInfection #

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GLOMERULAR FILTRATION: CLINICAL DEFINITION & LAB DIAGNOSIS

1. DEFINITION

Glomerular filtration is the passive, pressure-driven process in the renal corpuscle where water and low-molecular-weight solutes in plasma cross a semipermeable, three-layered barrier into Bowman's capsule, yielding an ultrafiltrate virtually free of cells and large plasma proteins.


2. LABORATORY DIAGNOSTIC MARKERS

A. Serum / Plasma Biomarkers

• Serum Creatinine: Inverse relationship with GFR. Levels rise primarily after $≈ 50\%$ of nephron function is lost.

• Serum Cystatin C: Low-molecular-weight protein produced at a constant rate by nucleated cells; independent of muscle mass, age, and diet.

• Estimated GFR (eGFR): Calculated via CKD-EPI equation using serum creatinine and/or cystatin C.

• Normal: ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73 m^2

• Renal Impairment: < 60 mL/min/1.73 m^2 for ≥ 3 months confirms Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD).

B. Clearance Testing

• Creatinine Clearance (C_Cr): Gold-standard timed collection (24 hours):

  C_Cr = U_Cr × V/P_Cr × 1440

(Where U_Cr = urine creatinine, $V$ = total volume in mL, P_Cr = serum creatinine).

C. Urinalysis & Glomerular Damage Flags

• Proteinuria / Albuminuria: Loss of barrier negative charge or podocyte slit integrity.

Urine Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio (UACR):

• Normal: < 30 mg/g

• Microalbuminuria: 30 - 300 mg/g (early diabetic nephropathy marker)

• Macroalbuminuria: > 300 mg/g (overt glomerular disease)


Urine Sediment Microscopy:

• Dysmorphic RBCs & RBC Casts: Pathognomonic for active glomerulonephritis.

• Broad / Waxy Casts: Marker of end-stage tubular atrophy and severe nephron hypofiltration.



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📚1. Van den Bergh Reaction is use to detect ?
Ans👉 Serum Bilirubin

📚2. Tuberculous Meningitis which test indicates ?
Ans👉 cob-web- Appearance of clot.

📚3. Who is bad Cholestrol.?
Ans👉 LDL

📚4. Which is add mac conkeys agar to inhibit the growth of gram positive bacteria?
Ans👉 Bile Salt

📚5. Confirmatory Test for Aids?
Ans👉 western Blot test.

📚6. The Fixative use for blood containing specimen is ?
Ans👉 Cornoy's Fluid

📚7. Mycology Means Study of -?
Ans- Fungus

📚8. The basic component of Leishman's Stain is -
Ans👉 methelene Blue.

📚9. The Anticoagulant use in OFT is?
Ans👉 Heparin

📚10. To remove blood clots from blood pipetts it is immersed in 🤔
Ans👉 KOH

📚11. In complete Antibody are detected using. ?
Ans👉 Coombs Test.

📚12. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is also known as-
Ans- Koch's Bacillus

 📚13. mycobacterium Leprae is is also known as -
Ans- hensen's bacillus




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