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DID YOU KNOW?

🧬The Secret Genetics Behind Face Dimples! 😊


We often see cute facial dimples as one of the most attractive features on a person's face 🥰... but scientifically, did you know that dimples are actually the result of a harmless genetic defect?

Here is the medical and laboratory breakdown behind that beautiful smile: 👇



🔬 1. The Anatomy: A Split Muscle

In anatomy, facial dimples are caused by a variation in a specific facial muscle called the Zygomaticus Major (the muscle responsible for raising the corners of your mouth when you smile).

• Normally, this muscle is a single, continuous band of tissue.

• In people with dimples, a genetic variation causes a bifid (double/split) zygomaticus major muscle.

• When the person smiles, the skin hitches over the gap in the divided muscle, pulling inward and creating a dimple!



🧬 2. The Genetics: Autosomal Dominant Trait

Facial dimples are passed down through families as an autosomal dominant trait:

• Because it is dominant, a child only needs to inherit one copy of the mutated gene from either the mother or the father to have dimples.

• However, it shows variable expressivity—meaning sometimes the gene can "skip" a generation or appear on only one cheek instead of both!


💡 The Beauty of Human Genetics

Isn't it fascinating how nature works? What is technically an anatomical irregularity or genetic variation has become universally recognized as a symbol of charm, youth, and beauty worldwide! 🥰



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HAPPY NEW YEAR 2019 E.C.! 🇪🇹

🎆 BAGA GEESSAN!

Dear @laboratorypractice Family,

As today is the last day of 2018 E.C. and tomorrow we officially step into 2019 E.C., it is time to look back with gratitude and look forward with unstoppable drive!


🔙 Looking Back at 2018 E.C.:

In 2018, we built something incredible together. We shared critical laboratory knowledge, tackled tough Exit and COC exam questions, built a strong community, and proved what true self-reliance looks like. We pushed our limits, learned from every challenge, and grew stronger as future Medical Laboratory Scientists.

🔜 Stepping Into 2019 E.C. — Our Vision:

Tomorrow is a fresh start, a blank page, and a brand-new timeline. In 2019, we are raising the bar even higher! With our expanded nationwide team, smarter study guides, high-yield clinical scenarios, and unmatched dedication, we are taking off!

As our new  motto says: 
"Life Decoded with Zero Guessing!"
Let’s make 2019 the year of massive success, academic excellence, and ultimate mastery. Thank you for being the heartbeat of this channel.

Drop your New Year wishes and reactions  below! Let’s celebrate together! 🥂❤️



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The ONE Thing Every Students Needs for Exam Prep!

ꜱᴩᴏɴꜱoreᴅ ʙʏ @Model_Exam

የቱ Subject ይከብዳል?

▌🩸 Anemia Multiple Choice Questions (35)

1. The MCV is most useful in classifying which type of anemia?
a) Anemia of Chronic Disease
b) Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
c) Iron Deficiency Anemia
d) Sickle Cell Anemia
Answer: (c) Iron Deficiency Anemia

2. A patient presents with fatigue, pallor, and pica. Which is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Folate Deficiency
b) B12 Deficiency
c) Iron Deficiency Anemia
d) Aplastic Anemia
Answer: (c) Iron Deficiency Anemia

3. Which lab finding is most characteristic of iron deficiency anemia?
a) Elevated ferritin
b) Elevated MCV
c) Elevated TIBC
d) Elevated reticulocyte count
Answer: (c) Elevated TIBC

4. The hallmark finding on peripheral blood smear in a patient with sickle cell anemia is:
a) Target cells
b) Spherocytes
c) Sickle cells
d) Howell-Jolly bodies
Answer: (c) Sickle cells

5. Which anemia is most associated with neurological symptoms?
a) Iron deficiency anemia
b) Folate deficiency anemia
c) Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia
d) Anemia of chronic disease
Answer: (c) Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia

6. What is the primary mechanism of anemia in anemia of chronic disease?
a) Increased blood loss
b) Impaired iron utilization
c) Decreased erythropoietin production
d) Destruction of red blood cells
Answer: (b) Impaired iron utilization

7. What is the most common cause of macrocytic anemia?
a) Iron deficiency
b) Vitamin B12 deficiency
c) Blood Loss
d) Chronic disease
Answer: (b) Vitamin B12 deficiency

8. Which of the following is least likely to cause anemia?
a) Chronic kidney disease
b) Acute blood loss
c) Folate deficiency
d) Viral infection
Answer: (d) Viral infection

9. A patient with chronic alcohol use develops macrocytic anemia. What is the most likely cause?
a) Folate deficiency
b) Iron deficiency
c) Vitamin B12 deficiency
d) Alcohol's direct effect on erythropoiesis
Answer: (a) Folate deficiency

10. Which finding on a peripheral blood smear is most suggestive of a hemolytic anemia?
a) Target cells
b) Spherocytes
c) Howell-Jolly bodies
d) Schistocytes
Answer: (d) Schistocytes

11. A 60-year-old male presents with fatigue and jaundice. Labs show low Hgb, high bilirubin, and spherocytes. What is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Sickle cell anemia
b) Hereditary spherocytosis
c) Thalassemia
d) Iron deficiency anemia
Answer: (b) Hereditary spherocytosis

12. Which test is most useful in evaluating for autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
a) Serum ferritin
b) Direct Coombs test
c) Hemoglobin electrophoresis
d) Vitamin B12 level
Answer: (b) Direct Coombs test

13. What is the primary treatment for iron deficiency anemia?
a) Vitamin B12 injections
b) Blood transfusion
c) Oral iron supplementation
d) Folate supplementation
Answer: (c) Oral iron supplementation

14. What is the best indicator of iron stores in the body?
a) Serum iron
b) TIBC
c) Ferritin
d) Transferrin saturation
Answer: (c) Ferritin

15. What is the characteristic finding on peripheral blood smear in thalassemia?
a) Spherocytes
b) Target cells
c) Sickle cells
d) Howell-Jolly bodies
Answer: (b) Target cells

16. The most common type of anemia worldwide is:
a) Vitamin B12 deficiency
b) Iron deficiency
c) Sickle cell anemia
d) Folate deficiency
Answer: (b) Iron deficiency

17. Which of the following is least likely to cause microcytic anemia?
a) Iron deficiency
b) Thalassemia
c) Anemia of chronic disease
d) Vitamin B12 deficiency
Answer: (d) Vitamin B12 deficiency

18. A patient with chronic kidney disease develops anemia. Theth chronic kidney disease develops anemia. The *primary* cause is:
a) Blood loss
b) Iron deficiency
c) Decreased erythropoietin production
d) Hemolysis
Answer: (c) Decreased erythropoietin production

19. Which of the following is *not* typically seen in a patient with aplastic anemia?
a) Anemia
b) Thrombocytopenia
c) Leukocytosis
d) Reticulocytopenia
Answer: (c) Leukocytosis
👇
@Laboratorypractice

🩸 Reticulocyte Count:

The Marrow’s Pulse
📌 What is a Reticulocyte?
An immature red blood cell (RBC) that:
•   ❌ Has no nucleus.
•   🧬 Contains residual RNA (ribosomes).
•   ⏳ Circulates for 1–2 days before becoming a mature RBC.
📊 The Goal of the Test
It measures erythropoietic activity.
👉 *In simple terms:* It shows how hard your bone marrow is working to produce new RBCs.

🎯 Clinical Interpretations

📈 INCREASED Count (↑):
•   Hemolytic Anemia (RBCs are being destroyed).
•   Acute Blood Loss.
•   Response to Therapy (After giving Iron, B12, or Folate).

📉 DECREASED Count (↓):
•   Iron Deficiency Anemia (Untreated).
•   Aplastic Anemia.
•   Bone Marrow Failure.
•   Chronic Kidney Disease (Low Erythropoietin).

🧪 Normal Values
•   Adults: 0.5 – 2.0 %
•   Newborns: 2.0 – 6.0 %

🔬 Laboratory Methods

1️⃣ Manual Method (Supravital Staining)
•   Principle: RNA stains as a blue network (reticulum) using living dyes.
•   Dyes Used: New Methylene Blue or Brilliant Cresyl Blue.
•   Procedure:
    1. Mix equal parts blood + stain.
    2. Incubate 10–15 mins.
    3. Make a smear and view under Oil Immersion (100x).
•   Formula:
    > Retic % = (Retic Count / 1000 RBCs) × 100

2️⃣ Automated Method
•   Uses Flow Cytometry.
•   RNA is tagged with fluorescent dyes.
•   Faster, more accurate, and more reproducible.

- 🧮 Corrected Reticulocyte Count (CRC)
*Required when the patient is anemic (low Hematocrit).*

Formula:
> CRC % = (Patient Retic % × Patient Hct) / 45

🧠 Reticulocyte Production Index (RPI)
*The best indicator of real marrow response.*

Formula:
> RPI = Corrected Retic % / Maturation Time

Maturation Time Guide:
•   Hct 45%: 1.0 day
•   Hct 35%: 1.5 days
•   Hct 25%: 2.0 days
•   Hct 15%: 2.5 days

Interpretation:
•   RPI > 2or 1: Adequate marrow response.
•   RPI < 2or sometime  1 more : Inadequate marrow response.

⚠️ Lab Alerts (False Results)
•   False Increase: Presence of Howell-Jolly bodies, Pappenheimer bodies, or Heinz bodies (stain can look like RNA).
•   False Decrease: Under-incubation of the blood and dye.


📢 One-Line Summary
The Reticulocyte count is the best way to differentiate between bone marrow failure and RBC destruction (hemolysis).

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