🧫 TOXOPLASMOSIS — LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

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🦠 Causative Agent:

Toxoplasma gondii — an obligate intracellular protozoan.
📌 Specimens
• Serum — most commonly used

• Whole blood / EDTA blood

• Amniotic fluid — congenital infection

• CSF — selected cases

• Tissue / lymph node biopsy — selected cases
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🔬 1. DIRECT DETECTION
A. Microscopy
• Tachyzoites may occasionally be demonstrated in tissue or body fluids.

• Sensitivity is generally low, so microscopy is not the preferred routine method.
B. Histopathology
• Tissue sections may demonstrate tachyzoites or tissue cysts.

• Useful in selected cases.
C. PCR
• Detects T. gondii DNA.

• Particularly useful for:
➤ Congenital toxoplasmosis

➤ Amniotic fluid testing

➤ CNS infection in immunocompromised patients
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🧪 2. SEROLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS
Serology is the main laboratory approach for toxoplasmosis.
🔹 Anti-Toxoplasma IgM
• Usually appears early after infection.

• May suggest recent/acute infection.

⚠️ Important: IgM may persist for months, so a positive IgM alone does not prove a recent infection.
🔹 Anti-Toxoplasma IgG
• Appears after IgM.

• Usually persists for long periods, often lifelong.

• Indicates previous exposure/infection.
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⭐ 3. IgG AVIDITY TEST
Used mainly when recent primary infection needs to be distinguished from past infection, especially during pregnancy.
🟢 High IgG avidity
➡️ Suggests infection occurred at least several months earlier

➡️ Helps exclude a very recent primary infection.
🔴 Low IgG avidity
➡️ May be associated with a more recent infection

➡️ Cannot alone prove acute infection.
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🧬 4. COMMON SEROLOGICAL METHODS
• ELISA

• IFA / IFAT

• Immunoblot

• Agglutination tests

• Dye test — reference/classical method
📌 Sabin–Feldman Dye Test
• Detects antibodies against T. gondii.

• Historically considered a reference method but requires live organisms and specialized facilities.
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👶 5. CONGENITAL TOXOPLASMOSIS
For suspected congenital infection:
🧪 Important tests
• Infant-specific IgM
• Infant-specific IgA
• IgG follow-up
• PCR when indicated
📌 Maternal IgG can cross the placenta, so IgG positivity alone in a newborn does not necessarily indicate congenital infection.
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📊 EXAM QUICK REVIEW
🔹 IgM positive
➡️ Possible recent infection

➡️ Confirm/interpret with additional testing.
🔹 IgG positive + IgM negative
➡️ Usually indicates past infection.
🔹 IgG negative + IgM negative
➡️ No serological evidence of previous exposure.
🔹 IgM positive + IgG positive
➡️ Could represent recent infection or persistent IgM

➡️ Consider IgG avidity and/or repeat/confirmatory testing.
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🎯 HIGH-YIELD POINTS
✅ Most commonly used specimen: Serum
✅ Main diagnostic approach: Serology
✅ IgM: Associated with recent infection but may persist
✅ IgG: Indicates exposure and usually persists long-term
✅ IgG avidity: Helps estimate the timing of infection
✅ PCR: Detects T. gondii DNA and is particularly useful in congenital/CNS disease
⚠️ Never diagnose acute toxoplasmosis from IgM positivity alone.
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📚 MLS / COC / EXIT EXAM TIP
💡 Remember:
IgM → Think recent

IgG → Think previous exposure

Avidity → Think timing

PCR → Think DNA detection
🧪🔬 Medical Laboratory Science | Serology & Immunology


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Coc mcq

1.A 31-year-old woman presents with persistent fever, weight loss, abdominal distension, and progressive fatigue. Examination reveals massive splenomegaly. Complete blood count shows pancytopenia. The clinician strongly suspects visceral leishmaniasis.
The laboratory plans to demonstrate the parasite microscopically. However, the patient has a significant bleeding risk, and the clinician wants to avoid a procedure associated with a higher risk of hemorrhage. A bone marrow aspiration is therefore performed.
The aspirate is stained using Giemsa stain. Several macrophages contain small oval intracellular organisms with a nucleus and a characteristic kinetoplast.
Question: Which combination correctly describes the laboratory finding and the form of the parasite being detected?

A. Promastigotes containing a kinetoplast in erythrocytes

B. Amastigotes containing a nucleus and kinetoplast inside macrophages

C. Tachyzoites containing a nucleus inside neutrophils

D. Sporozoites containing a kinetoplast inside hepatocytes

???????????



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የጤና ሙያ ፈቃድ ፈተና ለወሰዳችሁ ጤና ባለሙያዎች በሙሉ
__

በነሀሴ 2018 ዓ.ም በጤና ሚኒስቴር የተሰጠውን የጤና ሙያ የብቃት መዘና ፈተና የወሰዳችሁ ተመዛኞች ከነሀሴ 27/2018 ዓ.ም ጀምሮ https://hple.moh.gov.et ላይ በመግባትና የብሄራዊ መለያ ቁጥር(FAN) እና Password በማስገባት የፈተና ውጤታችሁን መመልከት የምትችሉ መሆኑን እየገለጽን በውጤታችሁ ላይ ቅሬታ ያላችሁ ተመዛኞች ውጤት ከተገለጸበት ዕለት አንስቶ ባሉት 10 (አስር) ተከታታይ የስራ ቀናት በስልክ ቁጥር 952 በስራ ሰዓት በመደወል ሙሉ ስም፣ ዲፓርትመንት እና የተማራችሁበትን የትምህርት ተቋም ስም በማሳወቅ ጥያቄዎቻችሁን ማቅረብ የምትችሉ መሆኑን እንገልፃለን፡፡

ማሳሰቢያ፦                                                                                                                                                1. በዚህ ዙር ለመጀመሪያ ጊዜ ተመዛኞች በተናጠል የውጤት ትንተና (Domain analysis) ማየት የምትችሉ ሲሆን ይህም እራችሁን ለማሻሻል እና የበለጠ ለማብቃት እንደሚጠቅማችሁ መሆኑን እንገልፃለን።                                                    

2. የጤና ሙያ ፈቃድ ፈተናውን ያለፋችሁ ተመዛኞች ከሰኞ ዻጉሜ 2/2018 ዓ.ም ጀምሮ  ስም ዝርዝራችሁ ወደ ክልል የሚላክ ስለሆነ የሙያ ፍቃዳችሁን 12ተኛ ክፍል በተማራችሁበት ክልል ማውጣት የምትችሉ መሆኑን እናሳውቃለን፡፡

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Exit Exam Tips of 2018
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🦠 GRAM POSITIVE RODS (BACILLI)

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🔴 1. Bacillus anthracis ➤ Large Gram +ve rods
➤ Spore forming
➤ Non-motile
➤ “Bamboo stick” appearance

🧫 Culture Media
• Blood agar
• Nutrient agar

⚗️ Biochemical Tests
• Catalase (+)
• Motility (−)

🩺 Disease
• Anthrax

🔬 Lab Findings
• Medusa-head colony
• Boxcar bacilli

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🔴 2. Clostridium tetani ➤ Anaerobic Gram +ve rod
➤ Terminal spore
➤ Drumstick appearance
➤ Motile

🧫 Culture Media
• Anaerobic blood agar
• Cooked meat medium

⚗️ Biochemical Tests
• Catalase (−)

🩺 Disease
• Tetanus

🔬 Lab Findings
• Drumstick bacilli
• Anaerobic growth

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🔴 3. Clostridium perfringens ➤ Anaerobic
➤ Spore forming
➤ Non-motile

🧫 Culture Media
• Blood agar
• Robertson cooked meat medium

⚗️ Biochemical Tests
• Nagler reaction (+)
• Lecithinase (+)

🩺 Disease
• Gas gangrene
• Food poisoning

🔬 Lab Findings
• Double-zone hemolysis

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🔴 4. Corynebacterium diphtheriae ➤ Club-shaped rods
➤ Chinese-letter arrangement
➤ Non-spore forming

🧫 Culture Media
• Loeffler medium
• Tellurite agar

⚗️ Biochemical Tests
• Catalase (+)
• Elek test (+)

🩺 Disease
• Diphtheria

🔬 Lab Findings
• Metachromatic granules
• Black colonies

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🔴 5. Listeria monocytogenes ➤ Small Gram +ve rod
➤ Tumbling motility
➤ Facultative intracellular

🧫 Culture Media
• Blood agar

⚗️ Biochemical Tests
• Catalase (+)
• CAMP test (+)

🩺 Disease
• Listeriosis
• Neonatal meningitis

🔬 Lab Findings
• Narrow beta hemolysis

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🔴 6. Nocardia asteroides ➤ Branching filamentous rods
➤ Weakly acid-fast
➤ Aerobic

🧫 Culture Media
• Sabouraud agar
• Blood agar

⚗️ Biochemical Tests
• Catalase (+)
• Urease (+)

🩺 Disease
• Nocardiosis

🔬 Lab Findings
• Weak acid-fast filaments

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📌 Quick Memory Tips ✅ Bacillus → Aerobic spore former
✅ Clostridium → Anaerobic spore former
✅ Corynebacterium → Chinese letters
✅ Listeria → Tumbling motility
✅ Nocardia → Weak acid-fast

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🧫 BIOCHEMICAL TESTS – COMPLETE QUICK NOTE


🧪 Topic: Identification of Bacteria Using Biochemical Tests
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🔬 1. What are Biochemical Tests?
Biochemical tests are used to identify bacteria based on their metabolic activities (enzyme reactions).
👉 Helps differentiate bacteria that look similar under microscope
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🧬 2. Purpose of Biochemical Tests
✔ Identify unknown bacteria
✔ Differentiate closely related species
✔ Confirm culture results
✔ Assist in diagnosis of infections
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⚗️ 3. Common Biochemical Tests
🔹 Catalase Test
• Detects enzyme catalase
• + → bubbles (O₂ released)
• Example: Staphylococcus (+), Streptococcus (−)
🔹 Oxidase Test
• Detects cytochrome oxidase enzyme
• + → purple color
• Example: Pseudomonas (+)
🔹 Coagulase Test
• Detects clotting enzyme
• + → plasma clot formation
• Example: Staphylococcus aureus (+)
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🧪 4. IMViC Tests (Important ⚠️)
Used mainly for Enterobacteriaceae identification:
🔸 Indole Test
• + → red ring (tryptophan breakdown)
🔸 Methyl Red (MR)
• + → red (acid production)
🔸 Voges-Proskauer (VP)
• + → pink/red (acetoin production)
🔸 Citrate Test
• + → blue color (citrate utilization)
👉 Example:
E. coli → ++−−
Enterobacter → −−++
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🦠 5. Other Important Tests
🔸 Urease Test
• + → pink (urea breakdown)
🔸 TSI Agar (Triple Sugar Iron)
• Tests glucose, lactose, sucrose fermentation
• Also shows gas & H₂S production
🔸 Motility Test
• Determines if bacteria can move
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⚠️ 6. Key Points in Practice
✔ Use pure culture
✔ Follow correct incubation time
✔ Observe color change carefully
✔ Avoid contamination
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📊 7. Clinical Importance
✔ Accurate identification of pathogens
✔ Guides antibiotic selection
✔ Essential in lab diagnosis
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📌 8. Exam Tips & Memory Tricks
✔ Remember IMViC pattern ⚠️
✔ Practice result interpretation
✔ Know examples of bacteria
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✨ Summary:
Biochemical tests are essential tools in microbiology to identify bacteria based on their metabolic properties and support clinical diagnosis.
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🧫 MICROBIOLOGY CULTURE – COMPLETE QUICK NOTE

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🧪 Topic: Culture Techniques in Microbiology
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🔬 1. What is Microbial Culture?
Culture is the process of growing microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, etc.) in a controlled laboratory environment using special media.
👉 Purpose:
• Identify pathogens
• Study morphology & behavior
• Perform antibiotic sensitivity testing
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🧫 2. Types of Culture Media
🔹 Based on Physical State
• Solid media (e.g., Agar plates)
• Liquid media (Broth)
• Semi-solid media
🔹 Based on Function
• Selective media → allows specific bacteria to grow
(e.g., MacConkey agar)
• Differential media → shows differences between organisms
• Enriched media → supports fastidious organisms
(e.g., Blood agar)
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🧪 3. Common Culture Methods
🔸 Streak Plate Method
• Used to isolate pure colonies
🔸 Spread Plate Method
• Used for counting bacteria
🔸 Pour Plate Method
• Used for mixed samples
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🦠 4. Colony Characteristics
When bacteria grow, observe:
• Shape (round, irregular)
• Size (small, large)
• Color (pigmentation)
• Elevation (flat, raised)
• Margin (smooth, rough)
👉 Helps in preliminary identification
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⚗️ 5. Incubation Conditions
• Temperature: usually 37°C
• Atmosphere: aerobic / anaerobic / CO₂
• Time: 18–48 hours (varies)
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🧬 6. Aseptic Technique (VERY IMPORTANT ⚠️)
• Sterilize equipment before & after use
• Avoid contamination
• Work near flame or biosafety cabinet
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
💊 7. Culture & Sensitivity (C/S Test)
Used to:
• Identify effective antibiotics
• Guide treatment
👉 Example:
Patient urine → culture → bacteria identified → antibiotic tested
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📌 8. Key Tips for Exams & Practice
✔ Always label samples correctly
✔ Use proper media
✔ Maintain sterility
✔ Observe colony carefully
✔ Record results clearly
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✨ Summary:
Microbial culture is a fundamental laboratory technique used to grow, identify, and study microorganisms for diagnosis and research.
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🧪 LABORATORY PRACTICE 📊 2018 E.C. REPORT ╰━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╯
⏳ ONLY 3 DAYS LEFT UNTIL 2019 E.C.
Dear MLS students, graduates and our entire community, ❤️
Before we close 2018 E.C., we want to look back at what we achieved together, recognize where we faced challenges, and share what we are preparing to do differently in 2019 E.C.
This is not yet our New Year greeting.
👉 This is our preparation for a new chapter.
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📊 WHAT WE DID IN 2018 E.C.
Throughout this year, our team worked together to provide different educational resources and support for MLS students.
🤝 Our team was mainly represented by members from 4 universities, and we continuously tried our best to reach and support our community.
📚 OUR 2018 SERVICES
📝 Daily MCQs & Practice Questions
🧪 Mock / Model Examinations
📖 Comprehensive Examination Preparation
🗣️ Oral Examination Preparation
🎓 Exit Examination Preparation
🏆 COC Examination Preparation
📊 PPT Learning Materials
📄 PDF Notes & Materials
📚 Reference Books
📝 Study Notes
💼 CV Preparation Guidance
🔬 Research Paper Guidance
📑 Research Proposal Advice
📢 Important MLS Information & Opportunities
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
💙 WE ARE PROUD — BUT WE ALSO LEARNED
Our achievements are important to us.
But we know there is still much more to do.
During 2018 E.C., we identified challenges that showed us that our service needs to grow beyond our current team and university connections.
⚠️ CHALLENGES WE EXPERIENCED
🔹 Our team was connected mainly to 4 universities.
🔹 We could not reach every MLS student across Ethiopia equally.
🔹 Different universities have different needs and challenges.
🔹 A small administrative team cannot cover every area effectively.
🔹 We need more people with different professional experiences.
🔹 We need stronger research, technology and practical content.
🔹 We need better communication between MLS students from different universities.
And most importantly...
👉 We realized that to serve the MLS community better, we need to build the community together.
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🚀 2019 E.C. — A NEW TEAM IS COMING
With only 3 days remaining before the new year, we are preparing something different.
We don't want to enter 2019 E.C. with exactly the same structure.
🌍 WE WANT TO EXPAND FROM 4 UNIVERSITIES TOWARD ALL UNIVERSITIES.
Our plan is to build a more diverse and representative MLS team.
👨‍🏫 Lecturers
🔬 Research Experts
🧪 Senior Laboratory Professionals
💻 Technology & Innovation Experts
🎓 GC Students
🎓 Senior MLS Students
🧑‍🔬 Graduated MLS Students
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
🤝 A REPRESENTATIVE FROM EACH UNIVERSITY
One of our goals for 2019 E.C. is to connect with universities across Ethiopia.
We will work toward having student representatives/team members from different universities.
🎓 If you are a current student → you can represent your university.
🧑‍🔬 If you are graduated → you can represent the university you graduated from.
The purpose is not competition.
❌ University vs University
It is:
🏫 University
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🏫 University
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🏫 University
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🏫 University
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🏫 University
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🤝 ONE MLS COMMUNITY
↓
🇪🇹 ONE STRONGER MLS
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🧪 OUR SERVICE WILL GO BEYOND EXAMS
We will continue our educational services, but we also want to expand into areas that can help MLS students and graduates in their wider academic and professional journey.
📚 Education & Learning
📝 COC & Exit Exam Preparation
🔬 Research & Academic Support
💼 Career & Job Information
💻 Technology & Innovation
🧪 Practical Laboratory Knowledge
📢 MLS Opportunities
🤝 Student Collaboration
💡 MLS Challenges & Solutions
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🌍 WHY DO WE NEED A BIGGER TEAM?
Because no single person knows everything.
A:
👨‍🏫 Lecturer can share teaching experience.
🔬 Researcher can guide research.
🧪 Senior professional can share practical experience.
💻 Technologist can introduce new technology.
🎓 Senior student can guide junior students.
🧑‍🔬 Graduate can share real professional experience.
And students from different universities can tell us what their communities actually need.

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🇪🇹 OUR VISION FOR 2019 E.C.
We want to create a community where MLS students and graduates can stand together.
One university may have a challenge.
Another university may have an idea.
One student may have knowledge.
Another student may need that knowledge.
When we connect them...
💡 Knowledge is shared.
🤝 Problems are discussed.
🚀 Solutions can grow.
🇪🇹 MLS becomes stronger.
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❤️ FROM OUR TEAM TO OUR COMMUNITY
2018 E.C. taught us many things.
We learned what works.
We learned what doesn't work.
We saw what students need.
And we understood that we can do better.
So we are not simply waiting for the new year.
⏳ We are preparing for it.
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📅 3 DAYS LEFT
2018 E.C.
⬇️
📊 Report & Lessons
2019 E.C.
⬇️
🚀 New Team & New Direction
From a team connected to 4 universities
➡️ Toward a team connected across Ethiopia.
From providing materials
➡️ Toward building a stronger MLS community.
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🇪🇹 OUR MESSAGE IS SIMPLE
We don't want to build this community for students without students.
We want to build it:
🤝 WITH STUDENTS.
Your university matters.
Your experience matters.
Your ideas matter.
Your challenges matter.
Your contribution can help another MLS student.
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🚀 2019 E.C. IS ALMOST HERE...
And we are preparing to enter it with:
🌍 More universities
👥 More team members
🧠 More expertise
📚 Better content
💡 New ideas
🤝 Stronger collaboration
🇪🇹 One stronger MLS community
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⏳ 3 DAYS TO GO...
2018 E.C. → We served & learned.
2019 E.C. → We expand & improve.
❤️ Thank you for walking with us through 2018 E.C.
🚀 The next chapter is almost here.
╭━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╮ 🧪 LABORATORY PRACTICE Learn • Share • Support • Improve ╰━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━╯
👤 Admin: ☑️ @Yer_tech
👥 Group: 👉 @laboratoryfree
📢 Channel: 👉 @Laboratorypractice
▶️ YouTube: youtube.com/@laboratorypractice
🤝 WELCOME TO OUR COMMUNITY

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🧪 Laboratory Practice 🇪🇹 2019 E.C. Team Registration
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📢 Call for University Representatives
As we prepare to start 2019 E.C., we are opening registration for students and graduates who are interested in becoming a Laboratory Practice Team Representative for their university.
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🎓 Who Can Apply?
We are looking for:
🔹 Senior MLS students
🔹 GC students
🔹 Graduated MLS students
👉 Current students can represent their university.
👉 Graduated students can represent the university they graduated from.
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🤝 Your Role
As a university representative, you will work together with our team/admin to help us connect with students from your university.
We are looking for people who are:
✅ Active
✅ Responsible
✅ Interested in helping students
✅ Able to communicate and work with a team
✅ Ready to contribute their ideas and experience
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📩 How to Register
🗓️ Registration is open from today until the beginning of 2019 E.C.
If you are interested, contact our team/admin and send your CV.
When sending your CV, please clearly write:
🏫 University Name
🎓 Your Level / Year
🧑‍🔬 Graduation Status — if graduated
📚 Previous Experience
⭐ Previous Work / Activities
📌 Proof of your previous work or experience, where available.
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🔎 Important
When you apply, please make it clear which university you will represent.
For graduated students:
🏫 Write the university you graduated from.
For current students:
🏫 Write the university you are currently attending.
Your previous work and experience will also help our team understand your ability to contribute.
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🌍 Our Goal
We want to connect with representatives from universities across Ethiopia and build a stronger team for 2019 E.C.
🏫 Your University
↓
👤 Your Representative
↓
🤝 Our Team
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📩 Interested?
Don't wait until the registration deadline.
Prepare your CV → Include your university & level → Show your previous work → Contact our Admin/Team.
🚀 2019 E.C. — Let's Build the Team Together!
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Register by DM now through this username👉 @Yer_tech

📢 Important Notice

Please follow the instructions carefully. I may not be able to respond to every message individually, so please avoid sending “Hi,” “Hello,” or similar messages. When contacting me, please send your requirement or clearly state your purpose.

If I have not yet reviewed your document, you may revise and resubmit it before the deadline. Please stay tuned and be patient while I review all submissions. The final results will be announced after the evaluation process is completed.

Please note that we can select only one representative from each university mean from one University one team worker from 10 university 10 team worker to represent our Medical Laboratory Science community.

Thank you for your patience, understanding, and cooperation. 🔬