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DAY 2: AI IN MALARIA MICROSCOPY

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🔬 What is AI in malaria microscopy?
It is the use of computer technology to analyze digital images of blood smears and help identify possible malaria parasites.
In simple terms:
🩸 Blood smear → 📸 Digital image → 🤖 AI analysis → 🔬 Possible parasite detection
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⚙️ How does it work?
① A stained blood smear is prepared.
② The smear is examined and a digital image is captured.
③ The image is analyzed by an AI system trained using many malaria and non-malaria images.
④ The system may identify areas that could contain malaria parasites.
⑤ A qualified laboratory professional reviews and confirms the result.
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🎯 What is the purpose?
AI may help to:
• Support malaria microscopy

• Assist with screening of digital images

• Reduce repetitive manual image review

• Support training and image-based learning

• Improve consistency when properly developed and validated
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⚠️ Important to understand
AI does not simply replace the medical laboratory professional.
Its result can be affected by image quality, staining quality, microscope quality, and the data used to train the system.
👉 AI is a support tool, while professional review and proper validation remain important.
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🇪🇹 Why is this interesting for Ethiopia?
Malaria remains an important diagnostic challenge in many areas. New technologies that support faster, consistent, and accessible diagnosis may be useful—but they must be properly tested and adapted to local laboratory conditions before clinical use.
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💡 TODAY'S KEY IDEA

AI can learn patterns from many microscopic images and help identify areas that may contain malaria parasites.

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📌 MLS Tech Daily
Learn the technology • Understand how it works • Think about the future 🧪🚀

@Mlstechnology_and_innovation
@Mlstechnology_and_innovation

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💼 A CV is one of the most important requirements for job competitions — especially when applying to large organizations & reputable NGOs. 👌
🔥 Many applicants fail at the screening stage simply because they don’t have a professional CV.
📄 Alongside your cover letter and educational documents, your CV plays a CRUCIAL ROLE in getting you shortlisted!
✨ A strong CV helps employers quickly understand: 👉 Who you are
👉 What you can do
👉 Why you are the right candidate
🎯 That’s why your CV must be: ✔️ Well-organized
✔️ Updated
✔️ Attractive & professional
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⚠️ Common Mistakes Job Applicants Make
❌ Using the same CV everywhere
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❌ Missing important documents
➡️ Not attaching CV, application letter & credentials properly
❌ Poor CV design
➡️ Unprofessional CV = LOW CHANCE
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🌈 Make your CV stand out — Your job starts here!

🧫 TOXOPLASMOSIS — LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

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🦠 Causative Agent:

Toxoplasma gondii — an obligate intracellular protozoan.
📌 Specimens
• Serum — most commonly used

• Whole blood / EDTA blood

• Amniotic fluid — congenital infection

• CSF — selected cases

• Tissue / lymph node biopsy — selected cases
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🔬 1. DIRECT DETECTION
A. Microscopy
• Tachyzoites may occasionally be demonstrated in tissue or body fluids.

• Sensitivity is generally low, so microscopy is not the preferred routine method.
B. Histopathology
• Tissue sections may demonstrate tachyzoites or tissue cysts.

• Useful in selected cases.
C. PCR
• Detects T. gondii DNA.

• Particularly useful for:
➤ Congenital toxoplasmosis

➤ Amniotic fluid testing

➤ CNS infection in immunocompromised patients
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🧪 2. SEROLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS
Serology is the main laboratory approach for toxoplasmosis.
🔹 Anti-Toxoplasma IgM
• Usually appears early after infection.

• May suggest recent/acute infection.

⚠️ Important: IgM may persist for months, so a positive IgM alone does not prove a recent infection.
🔹 Anti-Toxoplasma IgG
• Appears after IgM.

• Usually persists for long periods, often lifelong.

• Indicates previous exposure/infection.
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⭐ 3. IgG AVIDITY TEST
Used mainly when recent primary infection needs to be distinguished from past infection, especially during pregnancy.
🟢 High IgG avidity
➡️ Suggests infection occurred at least several months earlier

➡️ Helps exclude a very recent primary infection.
🔴 Low IgG avidity
➡️ May be associated with a more recent infection

➡️ Cannot alone prove acute infection.
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🧬 4. COMMON SEROLOGICAL METHODS
• ELISA

• IFA / IFAT

• Immunoblot

• Agglutination tests

• Dye test — reference/classical method
📌 Sabin–Feldman Dye Test
• Detects antibodies against T. gondii.

• Historically considered a reference method but requires live organisms and specialized facilities.
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👶 5. CONGENITAL TOXOPLASMOSIS
For suspected congenital infection:
🧪 Important tests
• Infant-specific IgM
• Infant-specific IgA
• IgG follow-up
• PCR when indicated
📌 Maternal IgG can cross the placenta, so IgG positivity alone in a newborn does not necessarily indicate congenital infection.
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📊 EXAM QUICK REVIEW
🔹 IgM positive
➡️ Possible recent infection

➡️ Confirm/interpret with additional testing.
🔹 IgG positive + IgM negative
➡️ Usually indicates past infection.
🔹 IgG negative + IgM negative
➡️ No serological evidence of previous exposure.
🔹 IgM positive + IgG positive
➡️ Could represent recent infection or persistent IgM

➡️ Consider IgG avidity and/or repeat/confirmatory testing.
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🎯 HIGH-YIELD POINTS
✅ Most commonly used specimen: Serum
✅ Main diagnostic approach: Serology
✅ IgM: Associated with recent infection but may persist
✅ IgG: Indicates exposure and usually persists long-term
✅ IgG avidity: Helps estimate the timing of infection
✅ PCR: Detects T. gondii DNA and is particularly useful in congenital/CNS disease
⚠️ Never diagnose acute toxoplasmosis from IgM positivity alone.
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📚 MLS / COC / EXIT EXAM TIP
💡 Remember:
IgM → Think recent

IgG → Think previous exposure

Avidity → Think timing

PCR → Think DNA detection
🧪🔬 Medical Laboratory Science | Serology & Immunology


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Coc mcq

1.A 31-year-old woman presents with persistent fever, weight loss, abdominal distension, and progressive fatigue. Examination reveals massive splenomegaly. Complete blood count shows pancytopenia. The clinician strongly suspects visceral leishmaniasis.
The laboratory plans to demonstrate the parasite microscopically. However, the patient has a significant bleeding risk, and the clinician wants to avoid a procedure associated with a higher risk of hemorrhage. A bone marrow aspiration is therefore performed.
The aspirate is stained using Giemsa stain. Several macrophages contain small oval intracellular organisms with a nucleus and a characteristic kinetoplast.
Question: Which combination correctly describes the laboratory finding and the form of the parasite being detected?

A. Promastigotes containing a kinetoplast in erythrocytes

B. Amastigotes containing a nucleus and kinetoplast inside macrophages

C. Tachyzoites containing a nucleus inside neutrophils

D. Sporozoites containing a kinetoplast inside hepatocytes

???????????



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📌 Vacancy Announcements:-


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No of Professionals needed: 70+ healthcare-related openings

Minimum Experience: Unspecified

Professionals needed:-

- Several varieties of professions


Application Deadline: September 14, 2026




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የጤና ሙያ ፈቃድ ፈተና ለወሰዳችሁ ጤና ባለሙያዎች በሙሉ
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በነሀሴ 2018 ዓ.ም በጤና ሚኒስቴር የተሰጠውን የጤና ሙያ የብቃት መዘና ፈተና የወሰዳችሁ ተመዛኞች ከነሀሴ 27/2018 ዓ.ም ጀምሮ https://hple.moh.gov.et ላይ በመግባትና የብሄራዊ መለያ ቁጥር(FAN) እና Password በማስገባት የፈተና ውጤታችሁን መመልከት የምትችሉ መሆኑን እየገለጽን በውጤታችሁ ላይ ቅሬታ ያላችሁ ተመዛኞች ውጤት ከተገለጸበት ዕለት አንስቶ ባሉት 10 (አስር) ተከታታይ የስራ ቀናት በስልክ ቁጥር 952 በስራ ሰዓት በመደወል ሙሉ ስም፣ ዲፓርትመንት እና የተማራችሁበትን የትምህርት ተቋም ስም በማሳወቅ ጥያቄዎቻችሁን ማቅረብ የምትችሉ መሆኑን እንገልፃለን፡፡

ማሳሰቢያ፦                                                                                                                                                1. በዚህ ዙር ለመጀመሪያ ጊዜ ተመዛኞች በተናጠል የውጤት ትንተና (Domain analysis) ማየት የምትችሉ ሲሆን ይህም እራችሁን ለማሻሻል እና የበለጠ ለማብቃት እንደሚጠቅማችሁ መሆኑን እንገልፃለን።                                                    

2. የጤና ሙያ ፈቃድ ፈተናውን ያለፋችሁ ተመዛኞች ከሰኞ ዻጉሜ 2/2018 ዓ.ም ጀምሮ  ስም ዝርዝራችሁ ወደ ክልል የሚላክ ስለሆነ የሙያ ፍቃዳችሁን 12ተኛ ክፍል በተማራችሁበት ክልል ማውጣት የምትችሉ መሆኑን እናሳውቃለን፡፡

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