4. Health science researchers want to conduct a study on the presence of malaria disease in a
Woreda's community. They also want to identify the presence or absence of the exposure
variables at the same point in time.
What is the most likely appropriate study design in this case?
A. Cross-sectional
B. Case-control
C. Experimental
D. Cohort

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Common Medical Tests, Normal Values, & Associated Condition

1. Complete Blood Count (CBC):
   ⚫️ Hemoglobin:
     - Men: 13.8 to 17.2 g/dL
     - Women: 12.1 to 15.1 g/dL
     ⬆️ Increased: Polycythemia, dehydration
     ⬇️ Decreased: Anemia, hemorrhage
   ⚫️ Hematocrit:
     - Men: 40.7% to 50.3%
     - Women: 36.1% to 44.3%
     ⬆️ Increased: Polycythemia, dehydration
     ⬇️ Decreased: Anemia, blood loss

2. Blood Glucose:
   ⚫️ Fasting Blood Glucose:
     - 70 to 99 mg/dL
     ⬆️ Increased: Diabetes mellitus, Cushing's syndrome
     ⬇️ Decreased: Hypoglycemia, Addison's disease

3. Lipid Profile:
   ⚫️ Total Cholesterol:
     - Less than 200 mg/dL
     ⬆️ Increased: Hyperlipidemia, hypothyroidism
     ⬇️ Decreased: Malnutrition, hyperthyroidism
   ⚫️ HDL Cholesterol:
     - Men: More than 40 mg/dL
     - Women: More than 50 mg/dL
     ⬆️ Increased: Regular exercise, genetic factors
     ⬇️ Decreased: Sedentary lifestyle, smoking
   ⚫️ LDL Cholesterol:
     - Less than 100 mg/dL
     ⬆️ Increased: Hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus
     ⬇️ Decreased: Hyperthyroidism, malabsorption
   ⚫️ Triglycerides:
     - Less than 150 mg/dL
     ⬆️ Increased: Hyperlipidemia, obesity
     ⬇️ Decreased: Malnutrition, hyperthyroidism

4. Kidney Function Tests:
   ⚫️ Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN):
     - 7 to 20 mg/dL
     ⬆️ Increased: Kidney disease, dehydration
     ⬇️ Decreased: Liver disease, malnutrition
   ⚫️ Creatinine:
     - Men: 0.74 to 1.35 mg/dL
     - Women: 0.59 to 1.04 mg/dL
     ⬆️ Increased: Kidney disease, muscle damage
     ⬇️ Decreased: Reduced muscle mass, severe liver disease

5. Electrolytes:
   ⚫️ Sodium:
     - 135 to 145 mEq/L
     ⬆️ Increased: Dehydration, Cushing's syndrome
     ⬇️ Decreased: Addison's disease, renal failure
   ⚫️ Potassium:
     - 3.6 to 5.2 mEq/L
     ⬆️ Increased: Kidney failure, Addison's disease
     ⬇️ Decreased: Diuretic use, Cushing's syndrome
   ⚫️ Chloride:
     - 96 to 106 mEq/L
     ⬆️ Increased: Dehydration, metabolic acidosis
     ⬇️ Decreased: Vomiting, metabolic alkalosis
   ⚫️ Bicarbonate:
     - 22 to 29 mEq/L
     ⬆️ Increased: Metabolic alkalosis, respiratory acidosis
     ⬇️ Decreased: Metabolic acidosis, respiratory alkalosis

6. Thyroid Function Tests:
   ⚫️ TSH:
     - 0.4 to 4.0 mIU/L
     ⬆️ Increased: Hypothyroidism, thyroiditis
     ⬇️ Decreased: Hyperthyroidism, pituitary disease
   ⚫️ Free T4:
     - 0.8 to 1.8 ng/dL
     ⬆️ Increased: Hyperthyroidism, thyroiditis
     ⬇️ Decreased: Hypothyroidism, iodine deficiency

7. Liver Function Tests:
   ⚫️ ALT (Alanine Aminotransferase):
     - 7 to 56 units/L
     ⬆️ Increased: Liver disease, hepatitis
     ⬇️ Decreased: Usually not clinically significant
   ⚫️ AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase):
     - 10 to 40 units/L
     ⬆️ Increased: Liver disease, muscle damage
     ⬇️ Decreased: Usually not clinically significant
   ⚫️ Bilirubin:
     - Total: 0.1 to 1.2 mg/dL
     ⬆️ Increased: Liver disease, hemolysis
     ⬇️ Decreased: Usually not clinically significant

8. Calcium:
   - 8.5 to 10.2 mg/dL
   ⬆️ Increased: Hyperparathyroidism, malignancy
   ⬇️ Decreased: Hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency

9. Magnesium:
   - 1.7 to 2.2 mg/dL
   ⬆️ Increased: Renal failure, excessive intake
   ⬇️ Decreased: Malnutrition, alcoholism

10. Phosphorus:
    - 2.5 to 4.5 mg/dL
    ⬆️ Increased: Renal failure, hypoparathyroidism
    ⬇️ Decreased: Hyperparathyroidism, malnutrition

11. Iron:
    - Men: 65 to 176 µg/dL
    - Women: 50 to 170 µg/dL
    ⬆️ Increased: Hemochromatosis, iron poisoning
    ⬇️ Decreased: Iron deficiency anemia, chronic illness

12. Total Protein:
    - 6.0 to 8.3 g/dL
    ⬆️ Increased: Chronic inflammation, infections
    ⬇️ Decreased: Malnutrition, liver disease


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