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Introduction
▪️ Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT) is a diagnostic procedure used to assess how well the body processes glucose, which can help in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other disorders related to abnormal glucose metabolism.

Purpose
▫️ Primary use: Diagnose diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes, and insulin resistance.
▫️ Other uses: Diagnose reactive hypoglycemia, acromegaly, and Cushing’s syndrome.

Types of GTT
1. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT): The most common form of GTT, where the patient drinks a glucose solution, and blood samples are taken at intervals to measure glucose levels.
2. Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test (IVGTT): Less common, glucose is administered intravenously, and blood glucose levels are measured at specific intervals.

Procedure
1. Preparation:
   - Patient should fast for at least 8 hours before the test.
   - Avoid excessive exercise and certain medications before the test, as advised by a doctor.

2. Steps in OGTT:
   - Baseline Blood Glucose Level: A blood sample is taken to measure fasting blood glucose.
   - Glucose Administration: The patient drinks a solution containing 75g of glucose (or a different dose depending on the patient's condition).
   - Blood Samples: Blood samples are taken at various intervals (usually at 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, and sometimes 3 hours) to measure how the glucose is processed by the body.

3. Steps in IVGTT:
   🔸 Fasting: Similar fasting requirements as OGTT.
   🔸 Glucose Injection: Glucose is injected directly into a vein.
   🔸 Blood Samples: Blood is drawn at regular intervals to measure glucose levels.

Interpretation of Results
▪️ Normal Response:
  - Fasting glucose: <100 mg/dL
  - 2-hour glucose: <140 mg/dL
▫️ Impaired Glucose Tolerance (Pre-diabetes):
  - Fasting glucose: 100-125 mg/dL
  - 2-hour glucose: 140-199 mg/dL
▪️ Diabetes Mellitus:
  - Fasting glucose: ≥126 mg/dL
  - 2-hour glucose: ≥200 mg/dL

Clinical Significance
🔸 Diabetes Mellitus: A diagnosis is made if the blood glucose levels are consistently higher than normal at the fasting state and after glucose intake.
🔸 Gestational Diabetes: Typically diagnosed during pregnancy when blood glucose levels are elevated after the OGTT.
🔸 Hypoglycemia: GTT can help diagnose reactive hypoglycemia, where blood glucose levels drop abnormally low after glucose administration.

Factors Affecting GTT Results
🔹 Diet: High-carbohydrate diet before the test can influence results.
🔹 Medications: Certain medications (e.g., corticosteroids, diuretics) can affect glucose metabolism.
🔹 Illness or Stress: Acute illness or stress can temporarily raise blood glucose levels.

Precautions
🔹 Patient Preparation: Ensure proper fasting and avoid factors that might alter the results, such as physical activity or medication.
🔹 Monitoring: Patients should be monitored for any signs of hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia during the test.

Limitations
- GTT can be time-consuming and uncomfortable for patients.
- False positives or negatives can occur due to improper preparation or conditions like anemia.

🔄Conclusion
The Glucose Tolerance Test is a valuable tool in diagnosing glucose metabolism disorders, including diabetes and pre-diabetes. Proper patient preparation and interpretation by a healthcare professional are crucial for accurate diagnosis.

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1.A laboratory technologist, who was working in a given molecular biology laboratory, planned to
perform Southern blotting techniques. Accordingly, after extracting and purifying DNA, he runs
agarose gel electrophoresis. He also added a buffer to this agarose gel to separate the double￾strand DNA, to facilitate blotting of single strands to the nitrocellulose paper.
What is the most likely buffer added to agarose gel in this case?
A. Strong Acidic
B. Weak acidic
C. Strong alkaline
D. Weak alkaline

try your answer.......

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A 4th year student was performing differential white cell count on an apparently healthy control
study participant to determine the relative count. The blood film was well prepared and well
stained using Romanowsky stains. He faced difficulty identifying Neutrophil from Eosinophilic
and asked his supervisor.
What is the most likely key feature is NOT used in this case?
A. Size
B. Number of lobes
C. Primary granules
D. Specific granule

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A laboratory technologist, who was working in a molecular biology laboratory, prepared the
laboratory for the extraction of Nucleic acids from the blood sample. He has planned to extract
and purify the nucleic acids in traditional methods by heating the sample in the presence of
detergents and phenol solution. Furthermore, he has arranged the removed contaminants by
equilibrium density gradient centrifugation in cesium chloride.
What is the most likely nucleic acid to be extracted as per the technologist's work plan?
A. DNA
B. RNA
C. Cesium chloride
D. Difficult to extract

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A laboratory technologist, who was in a molecular biology laboratory, extracted nucleic acids
from biological samples. Next, he assessed the purity of the extracted samples by taking
spectrophotometer readings at 260 and 280 nm. Accordingly, the ratio of the extracted sample
absorbance at 260/280 was 1.9.
What is the most likely absorbance ratio that indicates the nucleic acid status?
A. Lipid contamination
B. Protein contamination
C. No contamination
D. phenol contamination

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A 4th year student was performing differential white cell count on an apparently healthy control
study participant to determine the relative count. The blood film was well prepared and well
stained using Romanowsky stains. He faced difficulty identifying Neutrophil from Eosinophilic
and asked his supervisor.
What is the most likely key feature is NOT used in this case?
A. Size
B. Number of lobes
C. Primary granules
D. Specific granule

@laboratorypractice