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Test : Polymerase chain reaction




Indications : PCR is ordered for the following:

• Prenatal /post natal diagnosis of sickle cell anemia, hemophilia, cystic fibrosis, and muscular dystrophy
• Detect oncogene activation in the case of lymphoma and chronic myelogenous leukemia
• Detect the presence of microbes in the case of infections
• Paternity testing
• Identification of forensic samples

 The PCR technique permits a million- fold amplification of small pieces of DNA in several hours. The amplification is performed by multiple cycles of DNA polymerizing enzyme in the presence of known sequences. The procedure is automated with programmable heating blocks to cycle the reaction automatically. The technique has unprecedented sensitivity, being able to use small quantity of DNA from a single cell for amplification.

Physiology : The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a revolutionary technique that was developed by Kary Mullis in the 1980s.

 PCR is widely used in the field of molecular biology. It employs DNA polymerase to synthesize new stands of DNA which is complementary to the target sequence (or template).A primer, which is a short sequence of DNA complimentary to the target sequence, is mandatory for amplification of DNA and this makes it possible for the person employing the technique to control it.

 The following components are necessary for PCR:

• DNA polymerase
• Target sequence or template
• Primer
• Nucleotides

Interpretation : The target sequence gets exponentially multiplied during PCR method. After several cycles, the reaction reaches a plateau phase and eventually ceases.

Test Method : PCR technique

Related Tests : Depends upon the amplification required.

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🧫 Well-Known Fungal Organisms Causing Diseases (Mycology) 🍄
🔹 1️⃣ Candida albicans
💥 Causes: Candidiasis (oral thrush, vaginal yeast infection)
🧪 Lab Tests:
• Germ tube test 🌱
• CHROMagar Candida 🧍‍♀️🧍‍♂️
• Gram stain (yeast cells + pseudohyphae) 🔬
🔹 2️⃣ Aspergillus fumigatus
💥 Causes: Aspergillosis (lung infection, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis)
🧪 Lab Tests:
• Lactophenol cotton blue (LPCB) mount 🔵
• Culture on Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar (SDA) 🍞
• Galactomannan antigen test 🧬
🔹 3️⃣ Cryptococcus neoformans
💥 Causes: Cryptococcosis (mainly meningitis in immunocompromised patients)
🧪 Lab Tests:
• India ink preparation ⚫ (capsule seen as clear halo)
• Cryptococcal antigen test (CSF/serum) 💧
• Culture on Bird seed agar 🐦
🔹 4️⃣ Dermatophytes (Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton)
💥 Causes: Tinea / Ringworm infections 🌀
🧪 Lab Tests:
• KOH mount (skin/hair/nail scraping) 🔍
• Wood’s lamp examination 💡
• Culture on SDA with cycloheximide 🧫
🔹 5️⃣ Histoplasma capsulatum
💥 Causes: Histoplasmosis (respiratory infection) 🌬️
🧪 Lab Tests:
• Giemsa or PAS stain (yeast inside macrophages) 🩸
• Culture (dimorphic fungus: mold ↔ yeast) 🌡️
• Antigen detection test 🧬
📚 Tip: Always handle fungal cultures in a biosafety cabinet 🧤🧼
📢 Share this post to spread lab knowledge!
#Mycology #LabTests #FungalInfection #

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Hematology 1 Jimma University exam
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