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Human organ live after death.

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🧪 GLOMERULAR FILTRATION – KIDNEY FUNCTION 🧠
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
💧 Definition:
Glomerular filtration is the first step of urine formation, where blood is filtered through the glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule, forming the filtrate (primary urine).
🏗 STRUCTURES INVOLVED:
🩸 Afferent arteriole → brings blood to the glomerulus.
🧠 Glomerulus → network of capillaries where filtration occurs.
🫧 Bowman’s capsule → collects filtrate from the glomerulus.
🩸 Efferent arteriole → carries blood away after filtration.
🧱 Filtration Barrier (3 Layers):
1️⃣ Fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillaries
2️⃣ Basement membrane
3️⃣ Podocytes (epithelial cells of Bowman’s capsule)
👉 This barrier allows water and small solutes to pass.
🚫 It blocks blood cells and large proteins, keeping them in circulation.
⚡ FORCES DRIVING FILTRATION:
Glomerular filtration is controlled by Starling’s forces 👇
\text{NFP} = \text{GHP} - (\text{CHP} + \text{BCOP})
🩸 Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP) → pushes fluid into Bowman’s capsule.
🧱 Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP) → opposes filtration.
💧 Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) → also opposes filtration.
✅ Net Filtration Pressure (NFP) ≈ 10 mmHg, enough to drive filtration effectively.

📊 GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR):

🧪 Normal GFR: 120–125 mL/min
💧 ≈ 180 L/day of filtrate is formed
🔁 Most of this filtrate is reabsorbed by the nephron.
GFR depends on:
Renal blood pressure 🩸
Surface area of glomerulus 🧠
Permeability of the filtration barrier 🧱
⚠️ Low BP → ↓ GFR
⚠️ High BP over time → glomerular damage

🧪 SUBSTANCES FILTERED FREELY:

✅ Water
✅ Electrolytes (Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, HCO₃⁻)
✅ Glucose, amino acids
✅ Urea & creatinine
🚫 NOT FILTERED:
❌ Blood cells
❌ Large proteins (e.g., albumin)
📌 If protein or blood is detected in urine → may indicate glomerular damage ❗
⚙️ REGULATION OF GFR:
🔄 Autoregulation – myogenic mechanism & tubuloglomerular feedback keep GFR stable.
🧠 RAAS (Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System) – increases BP & GFR when needed.
🫀 Sympathetic stimulation – during stress or shock can decrease GFR temporarily.
📝 SUMMARY TABLE:
FeatureDescription💧
Site
Glomerulus → Bowman’s capsule
🩸 Driving ForceBlood pressure (hydrostatic)

📊 Normal GFR120–125 mL/min (≈ 180 L/day)🧪

Filtered Water, electrolytes, glucose, amino acids, urea🚫

Not Filtered Blood cells, large proteins⚙️

Regulation Autoregulation, RAAS, sympathetic system

✅ FINAL NOTE:
Glomerular filtration is a pressure-driven process essential for:
Waste removal 🧪
Electrolyte balance ⚡
Blood pressure regulation 🫀
Overall fluid homeostasis 🧠
📌 Any alteration in GFR can indicate kidney disease or systemic issues like dehydration, hypertension, or diabetes.
#LaboratoryPractice #KidneyFunction #GFR #GlomerularFiltration #RenalPhysiology #UrineFormation #MedLab #RenalSystem #MedicalNotes #LabStudents #Physiology

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🧠

RAAS REGULATION OF KIDNEY – Quick Notes

🩺 RAAS = Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System
🧬 Main Function: Regulate blood pressure 🩸 & fluid–electrolyte balance 💧
🔸 1. Trigger:
↓ Blood pressure / ↓ renal perfusion
↓ Na⁺ in distal tubule
Sympathetic activation (β₁ receptors – JG cells)
🔸 2. Renin Release:
Juxtaglomerular cells (afferent arteriole) → secrete Renin
🔸 3. Angiotensin Formation:
Renin converts Angiotensinogen (from liver) → Angiotensin I
ACE (lung endothelium) converts Angiotensin I → Angiotensin II
🔸 4. Effects of Angiotensin II:
🫀 Vasoconstriction → ↑ BP
💧 Stimulates aldosterone (adrenal cortex – zona glomerulosa)
🧠 ↑ ADH secretion (posterior pituitary)
↑ Na⁺ & H₂O reabsorption (proximal & distal tubules)
🔸 5. Aldosterone Action:
Acts on collecting ducts & distal tubule
↑ Na⁺ reabsorption
↑ H₂O retention
↑ K⁺ & H⁺ excretion
🔸 6. Result:
↑ Blood volume & BP
Stabilization of renal perfusion
Maintenance of electrolyte & fluid balance ⚖️


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