📝 Requirements for Selling Old Telegram Groups! 💰



📢Complete information regarding old Telegram Groups when selling)

Your Old Telegram Group MUST Meet These Criteria! ✅

•  ✔ You MUST be the owner of the group to sell it. 🔑
•  ✔ The group MUST have at least 5 or more old chats. 💬
•  ✔ The chat history MUST NOT be hidden (visible to new members who join). 👀
•  ✔ DO NOT delete the old chats. ⛔
•  ✔ Your Telegram account MUST have Two-Step Verification enabled for a smooth transfer. 🔐
•  ✔ The number of members does NOT matter. 🔢

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Must Have: 👇

• Full Chat History: (Date of Creation MUST be visible! 📅)

Sell Your Telegram Group Today! 🤝

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🩸 Coagulation Testing: A Lab Overview! 🔬

Coagulation tests help us assess the blood clotting process. ⚙️

I. Prothrombin Time (PT) / INR ⏳

•   A. Principle:
    *   Measures the time it takes for plasma to clot after adding tissue factor (thromboplastin) and calcium.
    *   Assesses the *extrinsic* and *common* coagulation pathways.
•   B. Normal Range:
    *   PT: Typically 11-13.5 seconds (varies slightly between labs).
    *   INR: Ideally 0.8-1.1 in healthy individuals; 2.0-3.0 for those on warfarin therapy (target range varies based on indication).
•   C. Causes of Increased PT/INR:
    *   Warfarin therapy (anticoagulant) 💊
    *   Vitamin K deficiency 🥝
    *   Liver disease 🤕
    *   Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) 🩸
    *   Factor VII deficiency (rare)
•   D. Effects of Increased PT/INR:
    *   Increased risk of bleeding. 🩸
    *   Excessive bruising. 🤕
    *   Prolonged bleeding after injuries. 🩹
    *   May require adjustments to warfarin dosage. 💊
•   E. Causes of Decreased PT/INR:
    *   Vitamin K supplementation (can interfere with warfarin).
    *   Increased intake of foods rich in vitamin K. 🥬
    *   Conditions causing increased levels of clotting factors (rare).
•   F. Effects of Decreased PT/INR:
    *   Increased risk of blood clots (if on warfarin). 🩸
    *   May require adjustments to warfarin dosage. 💊

II. Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) ⏱️

•   A. Principle:
    *   Measures the time it takes for plasma to clot after adding an activator (e.g., kaolin, silica) and calcium.
    *   Assesses the *intrinsic* and *common* coagulation pathways.
•   B. Normal Range:
    *   Typically 25-35 seconds (varies between labs).
•   C. Causes of Increased aPTT:
    *   Heparin therapy (anticoagulant) 💊
    *   Factor deficiencies (VIII, IX, XI, XII) (e.g., hemophilia) 🩸
    *   Von Willebrand disease 🩸
    *   Lupus anticoagulants 🧪
    *   Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) 🩸
•   D. Effects of Increased aPTT:
    *   Increased risk of bleeding. 🩸
    *   Excessive bruising. 🤕
    *   Prolonged bleeding after injuries. 🩹
    *   May require adjustments to heparin dosage. 💊
•   E. Causes of Decreased aPTT:
    *   Early stages of DIC (hypercoagulable state).
    *   Increased levels of Factor VIII (can occur in inflammatory conditions).
•   F. Effects of Decreased aPTT:
    *   Increased risk of blood clots (if on heparin). 🩸
    *   May require adjustments to heparin dosage. 💊

III. Fibrinogen Level 🍥

•   A. Principle:
    *   Measures the amount of fibrinogen (Factor I) in the blood.
    *   Fibrinogen is essential for clot formation.
•   B. Normal Range:
    *   Typically 200-400 mg/dL (varies between labs).
•   C. Causes of Increased Fibrinogen:
    *   Acute inflammation (e.g., infection, injury). 🔥
    *   Pregnancy. 🤰
    *   Certain cancers. 🦀
•   D. Effects of Increased Fibrinogen:
    *   Increased risk of blood clots. 🩸
    *   May contribute to cardiovascular disease. ❤️
•   E. Causes of Decreased Fibrinogen:
    *   Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) 🩸
    *   Liver disease 🤕
    *   Congenital fibrinogen deficiency (rare).
•   F. Effects of Decreased Fibrinogen:
    *   Increased risk of bleeding. 🩸
    *   Poor wound healing. 🩹

IV. D-dimer 🧩

•   A. Principle:
    *   Measures the amount of D-dimer in the blood.
    *   D-dimer is a breakdown product of cross-linked fibrin, indicating that a clot has formed and is being broken down.
•   B. Normal Range:
    *   Typically < 250 ng/mL (varies between labs).
•   C. Causes of Increased D-dimer:
    *   Deep vein thrombosis (DVT). 🦵
    *   Pulmonary embolism ..,....
.......(
👇👇👇👇👇
@laboratorypractice

.......PE). 🫁
    *   Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). 🩸
    *   Surgery. 🔪
    *   Pregnancy. 🤰
    *   Cancer. 🦀
•   D. Effects of Increased D-dimer:
    *   Indicates the presence of a blood clot that is being broken down.
    *   May require further investigation to identify the location and cause of the clot.
•   E. Causes of Decreased D-dimer:
    *   D-dimer is not typically decreased below the normal range.
•   F. Effects of Decreased D-dimer:
    *   A normal D-dimer makes a thromboembolic event (DVT or PE) less likely, but does not completely rule it out.

V. Platelet Count 📈

• Principle: The amount of what we have in our blood.
• The normal ranges: 150,000 to 450,000 cells
• When is low level it leads to? Lead bleeding and bruising, you will likely have high risk.
• When is high count? Risk of blood
• This happens to be very import

Understanding Coagulation is Key for Lab Professionals! ❤️ Share this with your colleagues! Follow @Laboratorypractice for more essential lab insights! 🔬

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1. የራሳቺንን ቻናል ለይተን ለብቻው
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2. ሕግ የሚጥስ አንታገስም
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🔬 Malaria Diagnosis in the Lab: A Detailed Look! 🦟

Malaria is a serious parasitic disease. Accurate lab diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment! 💯

I. Sample Collection: 💉

•  Specimen: Collect venous blood into EDTA (purple top) tubes. 💜
•  Timing: Collect during fever spikes or suspected parasitemia. 🌡️
•  Quantity: Follow your lab's protocol for blood volume. 📏

II. Microscopic Examination: The Gold Standard! 🥇

•  A. Thick Blood Smear:
  •  Purpose: To detect the presence of malaria parasites. 🔍
  •  Preparation: A large drop of blood is spread to create a thick layer. 🩸
  •  Staining: Giemsa stain is used to visualize parasites. 🎨
  •  Advantages: More sensitive than thin smears. 👍
  •  Identification: Look for characteristic parasite morphology. 🦠
•  B. Thin Blood Smear:
  •  Purpose: To identify the species of malaria parasite and determine parasitemia (percentage of infected RBCs). 🔬
  •  Preparation: A thin layer of blood is spread to create a monolayer of cells. 🩸
  •  Staining: Giemsa stain is used. 🎨
  •  Identification: Key features for species identification include:
    *  Parasite Stage: (Ring, trophozoite, schizont, gametocyte) ⭕
    *  Infected RBC Size and Shape: 📏
      Presence of Schüffner's Dots: (in P. vivax and P. ovale*) ⚫
      Multiple Infections: (common in P. falciparum*) 👯

III. Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs): ⏱️

•  Principle: Detects malaria parasite antigens in blood using immunochromatography. 🧪
•  Procedure: Add a drop of blood to the test strip and follow the manufacturer's instructions. 📖
•  Advantages: Rapid results, easy to perform, no microscope needed. 👍
•  Limitations:
  •  Less sensitive than microscopy. ⚠️
  •  Cannot determine parasitemia. ⚠️
  •  May give false positives in some cases. ⚠️
•  Examples:
  •  CareStart™ Malaria HRP2/pLDH (detects P. falciparum and other species)
  •  BinaxNOW® Malaria (detects P. falciparum)

IV. Molecular Diagnostic Tests (PCR): 🧬

•  Principle: Detects malaria parasite DNA in blood. 🧪
•  Advantages: Most sensitive and specific method. 👍
•  Disadvantages: More expensive and complex than other methods. 💸
•  Use: Used in research settings and for confirming difficult cases. 🔬

V. Reporting Results: 📝

•  Species Identification: Report the species of malaria parasite identified (e.g., Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, etc.).
•  Parasitemia: Report the percentage of infected red blood cells.
•  Quality Control: Follow your lab's QC procedures to ensure accurate results. 💯

Accurate Malaria Diagnosis Saves Lives! ❤️ Share this vital information with your colleagues! Follow @Laboratorypractice for more lab essentials! 🌍

"Hey lab pros! 👋

What's a lab diagnosis topic you're struggling with or want to know more about? 🤔
"Next Topic Vote! 🗳️ Which of these lab diagnosis topics? should we cover next?
✍️ serology 🤒
✍️ Immunohematology 🤨
✍️ Introduction to MLS😎
✍️ Bacteriology 🦠
✍️ Mycology 🤫
✍️ Virology 🧖
✍️ Immunology 🤨
✍️Hematology 🩸
✍️ Microbiology 🦠
✍️ Clinical Chemistry 🧪
✍️Parasitology 🦟
✍️ Molecular Diagnostics 🧬 ! Drop your suggestions in the comments!

Also

👇 Share this link with your lab friends! Let's grow the @Laboratorypractice community together! 🚀"

 ለተማሪዎች ጠቃሚ መረጃዎችን፣ የትምህርት ምክሮችን እና አነቃቂ መልዕክቶችን የምታገኙበትን ምርጥ ቻናሎች ልጋብዛቹ ትወዳላቹ።

ꜱᴩᴏɴꜱoreᴅ ʙʏ @GlobTraining

.........

▌🩸 Anemia (clinical case scenario)

Question 3:

A 30-year-old pregnant woman presents with fatigue and shortness of breath. She has a history of Crohn's disease.

Laboratory Findings:

•  RBC count: 3.2 million/µL
•  Hemoglobin: 9.0 g/dL
•  MCV: 105 fL
•  Serum Folate: Low
•  Serum B12: Normal
•  Peripheral Blood Smear: Macrocytic red blood cells, hypersegmented neutrophils

What is the most likely cause of her anemia?

•  A) Iron deficiency due to pregnancy
•  B) Vitamin B12 deficiency due to Crohn's
•  C) Folate deficiency due to malabsorption
•  D) Hemolysis

Question 4:

A 60-year-old man with a history of chronic alcoholism is admitted to the hospital with severe liver disease.

Laboratory Findings:

•  RBC count: 2.8 million/µL
•  Hemoglobin: 8.5 g/dL
•  MCV: 110 fL
•  Reticulocyte count: 1%
•  Peripheral Blood Smear: Macrocytic red blood cells, target cells

What is the most likely cause of his anemia?

•  A) Iron deficiency
•  B) Vitamin B12 deficiency
•  C) Folate deficiency
•  D) Liver disease

Question 5:

A 20-year-old African American man presents with fatigue, jaundice, and dark urine after taking a sulfa drug.

Laboratory Findings:

•  RBC count: 2.5 million/µL
•  Hemoglobin: 7.5 g/dL
•  Reticulocyte count: 10%
•  Peripheral Blood Smear: Schistocytes, bite cells

What is the most likely diagnosis?

•  A) Hereditary spherocytosis
•  B) Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
•  C) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
•  D) Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)

Question 6:

A 70-year-old man presents with progressive fatigue and bone pain.

Laboratory Findings:

•  RBC count: 3.5 million/µL
•  Hemoglobin: 10.5 g/dL
•  MCV: 90 fL
•  Serum calcium: Elevated
•  Serum creatinine: Elevated
•  Peripheral Blood Smear: Rouleaux formation

What is the most likely underlying diagnosis?

•  A) Multiple myeloma
•  B) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
•  C) Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)
•  D) Metastatic cancer

Question 7:

A 45-year-old woman with a history of rheumatoid arthritis presents with fatigue.

Laboratory Findings:

•  RBC count: 3.0 million/µL
•  Hemoglobin: 9.0 g/dL
•  MCV: 82 fL
•  Serum iron: Low
•  TIBC: Low
•  Serum ferritin: Normal

Peripheral Blood Smear: Normocytic, normochromic

What is the most likely diagnosis?

•  A) Iron deficiency anemia
•  B) Anemia of chronic disease
•  C) Thalassemia
•  D) Sideroblastic anemia

Question 8:

A 25-year-old male patient with a history of Crohn's disease presents with fatigue.

Laboratory Findings:

•  RBC count: 3.0 million/µL
•  Hemoglobin: 9.0 g/dL
•  MCV: 70 fL
•  Serum iron: Low
•  TIBC: High
•  Peripheral Blood Smear: Microcytic, hypochromic red blood cells

What is the most likely cause of his anemia?

•  A) Chronic blood loss
•  B) Malabsorption of iron
•  C) Anemia of chronic disease
•  D) Thalassemia

Question 9:

A 60-year-old woman with a history of heart failure presents with fatigue and shortness of breath.

Laboratory Findings:

•  RBC count: 3.2 million/µL
•  Hemoglobin: 9.5 g/dL
•  MCV: 85 fL
•  Serum creatinine: Elevated
•  Peripheral Blood Smear: Normocytic, normochromic red blood cells

What is the most likely cause of her anemia?

•  A) Iron deficiency
•  B) Anemia of chronic disease
•  C) Erythropoietin deficiency
•  D) Blood loss

Question 10:

A 35-year-old man presents with fatigue, pallor, and a sore tongue. He denies any chronic illnesses or recent blood loss.

Laboratory Findings:

•  RBC count: 2.8 million/µL
•  Hemoglobin: 8.0 g/dL
•  MCV: 115 fL
•  Serum B12: Low
•  Serum folate: Normal
•  Peripheral Blood Smear: Macrocytic red blood cells, hypersegmented neutrophils

What is the most likely diagnosis?

•  A) Iron deficiency anemia
•  B) Folate deficiency
•  C) Vitamins

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@laboratoryfree
to get all question with answers🧖

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🚨 Gatiin Ol Aanaa! Old Telegram Groups Ni Bitta! 💰 Don't Miss Out! 💯

🏦Old group gatii ajaa'ibaan bitamaa jira! Har'a carraa kanatti fayyadamaa!

💸We're buying old Telegram groups at AMAZING prices! Today is your chance! 🔥

What We Want: Old, ACTIVE Chat Groups! 💬

•  Years:
  •  👉 2016-2021 📈 (2 Groups)
  •  👉 2022 📈 (1 Group)
  •  👉 2023 📈 (5 Groups)
  •  👉 2024 📈 (10 Groups+ / Jan-Apr)
    *  👉 Jan ➡️ [📈]
    *  👉 Feb ➡️ [📈]
    *  👉 March ➡️ [📈]
    *  👉 April ➡️ [📈]

Must Have: 👇

•  Full Chat History: (Date of Creation MUST be visible! 📅)

Sell Your Telegram Group Today! 🤝

•  Contact: ➡️ @Yer_tech @Yer_tech @Yer_tech ⬅️
*

Check Out Our Awesome Channels! ✨
• @laboratorypractice 🔬🧑🏼‍🔬
  We’re bringing new tech from across the earth!

•  @web_technology1 🌐
We help the users gain new skills

Fast Action Required! 🔥 Don't wait - these deals won't last long! ⏳ Inbox Now!

የ ስንተኛ ክፍል ተማሪ ናችሁ?

Approach to Anemia

Approach to Hemolytic Anemia

📖 Reference: The Hospital for Sick Children, Handbook of Pediatric 18th edition

Hemoglobin Analysis in Sickle Cell Disease

📖 Reference: The Hospital for Sick Children, Handbook of Pediatric 18th edition

General Prognostic Factors in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

📖 Reference: Nelson Essential of Pediatric, 8th Edition