ለ 12ኛ ክፍል ተፈታኞች መልካም ዜና

ትኩስ የውጤት ዜና የምታገኙበትን ምርጥ ቻናሎች ልጋብዛቹ ትወዳላቹ።

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#SalaleUniversity

የሰላሌ ዩኒቨርሲቲ ኮምፕሪሄንሲቭ ስፔሻላይዝድ ሆስፒታል በ17 የጤና መስክ የሥራ መደቦች ባለሙያዎችን በተመሳሳይ ደረጃ እና በተመሳሳይ ደመወዝ በዝውውር አወዳድሮ መመደብ ይፈልጋል፡፡

➤ የሥራ መደብ፦ በጤና የሙያ መስኮች
➤ ተፈላጊ ባለሙያዎች ብዛት፦ 102
➤ ተፈላጊ የትምህርት ደረጃ፦ ደረጃ 4 እና የመጀመሪያ ዲግሪ
➤ የሥራ ቦታ፦ የሰላሌ ዩኒቨርሲቲ ኮምፕሪሄንሲቭ ስፔሻላይዝድ ሆስፒታል

ለምዝገባ የሚያስፈልጉ፦
➫ የትምህርት ማስረጃዎች ዋናውና ኮፒው፣
➫ የታደሰ የሙያ ፈቃድ ዋናውና ኮፒው፣
➫ በቅርብ የተሰጠ የሥራ ልምድ ዋናውና ኮፒው፣
➫ ማመልከቻ እና CV፣
➫ በደረጃ 4 የምትወዳደሩ ባለሙያዎች የብቃት ማረጋገጫ (COC) ማቅረብ ይጠበቅባችኋል፡፡

የምዝገባ ቦታ፦
ሰላሌ ዩኒቨርሲቲ ኮምፕሪሄንሲቭ ስፔሻላይዝድ ሆስፒታል ሰው ኃብት አስተዳደር ቢሮ

የምዝገባ ቀን፡-
ይህ ማስታወቂያ ከወጣበት ሐምሌ 10/2017 ዓ.ም ጀምሮ ባሉት ተከታታይ 7 (ሰባት) የሥራ ቀናት፡፡ (እስከ አርብ ሐምሌ 10/2017 ዓ.ም) ፈተና የሚሰጥበት ቀን በውስጥ ማስታወቂያ እንደሚገለፅ ዩኒቨርሲቲው አሳውቋል፡፡ (የሥራ ዝውውር ማስታወቂያው ከላይ ተያይዟል፡
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የ ስንተኛ ክፍል ተማሪ ናችሁ?

Question on parasitology
1. Parasites transfer by sexual contact .?(GET)
2.parasites  exhaibiting  antigen variation..?(GTP)
3.parasites  enter skin by penetration ?HANSS
4.parasites by congenitally   transmitted ...  ? TTPM
5 . parasites found in muscle?   L=3TS
Cs=T,Eg /TTTTE
6. Parasites exhibiting acids fast? Sporas
7 .parasites causes Malabsorption? STRONG GIA CRY FOR PHILIP
8.PARASITES CAUSES ANEMIA ? PLB AND T
9 .Autoinfection parasites ? chest 🧰
10.parasites found in blood or hemoparasites ,Uroparasites ,Neuroparasites ? WBOTPL, WST,SOLIUM, Acanthamoeba ,nagleria
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𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐭𝐞 𝐁𝐥𝐨𝐨𝐝 𝐂𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐭 (𝐂𝐁𝐂) 𝐋𝐚𝐛 𝐓𝐞𝐬𝐭
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📌 Wʜᴀᴛ ɪs ɪᴛ﹖

The Complete Blood Count (CBC) is one of the most commonly ordered routine blood investigations. It provides comprehensive information about the cellular components of blood, including:

● Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

● White Blood Cells (WBCs)

● Hemoglobin (Hb)

● Hematocrit (HCT/PCV)

● Platelets (PLT)

● Indices such as MCV, MCH, MCHC, and RDW


》》It serves as a screening tool for various medical conditions and is essential in both diagnosis and monitoring of diseases.


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🔬 𝑾𝒉𝒚 𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒕 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆?

The CBC helps in the diagnosis and evaluation of:

• Anemia (low hemoglobin or RBC count)

• Infections (elevated or low WBCs)

• Leukemias and other hematologic malignancies

• Bleeding and clotting disorders (low or high platelet count)

• Chronic diseases and nutritional deficiencies


• It is also used to monitor response to treatment, especially in cases like chemotherapy, infections, or bone marrow disorders.


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🩸 𝙎𝙖𝙢𝙥𝙡𝙚 𝙍𝙚𝙦𝙪𝙞𝙧𝙚𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩:

• Specimen: Whole blood

• Anticoagulant: EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) – purple/lavender top tube

• Volume: 2–3 mL (adult); 1 mL (pediatric)

• Handling: Mix the tube gently by inverting 6–8 times. Do not shake to avoid hemolysis or platelet clumping.

• Testing Time: Ideally within 4–6 hours of sample collection for accurate results.



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🎯 𝙉𝙤𝙧𝙢𝙖𝙡 𝙍𝙖𝙣𝙜𝙚𝙨 (𝙨𝙡𝙞𝙜𝙝𝙩𝙡𝙮 𝙫𝙖𝙧𝙮 𝙗/𝙬 𝙡𝙖𝙗𝙨):

🔹 Hemoglobin (Hb):

→ Male: 13–17 g/dL

→ Female: 12–15 g/dL

→ Children: 11–14 g/dL


🔹 Total WBC Count:

4,000–11,000 /cmm


🔹 Platelet Count:

1.5–4.5 lakh /cmm (150,000–450,000 /µL)


🔹 Hematocrit (HCT/PCV):

• Male: 40–50%

• Female: 35–45%


🔹 RBC Count:

• Male: 4.5–5.9 million /cmm

• Female: 4.0–5.2 million /cmm


🔹 Indices:

→ MCV: 80–100 fL

→ MCH: 27–32 pg

→ MCHC: 32–36 g/dL

→ RDW: 11.5–14.5%


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⚠️ Cʟɪɴɪᴄᴀʟ Iɴᴛᴇʀᴘʀᴇᴛᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ﹠ Aʙɴᴏʀᴍᴀʟ Fɪɴᴅɪɴɢs﹕

🔻 Low Hemoglobin / RBCs:

• Anemia (Iron deficiency, B12/Folate deficiency, chronic disease, blood loss)


🔺 High Hemoglobin / RBCs:

• Polycythemia vera

• Dehydration

• Chronic hypoxia (e.g., COPD)


🔺 High WBC Count (Leukocytosis):

• Bacterial infections

• Leukemia

• Inflammation

• Steroid use


🔻 Low WBC Count (Leukopenia):

• Viral infections

• Bone marrow suppression (e.g., chemotherapy)

• Typhoid fever

• Sepsis


🔻 Low Platelet Count (Thrombocytopenia):

• Dengue fever

• ITP (Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura)

• Aplastic anemia

• DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation)


🔺 High Platelet Count (Thrombocytosis):

• Iron deficiency anemia

• Post-splenectomy

• Myeloproliferative disorders


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💡 Note:

• Always use properly labeled EDTA tubes for CBC.

• Avoid hemolysis: never shake the tube. Mix gently by inversion.

• CBC machines (auto-analyzers) must be calibrated regularly for accuracy.

• Abnormal CBC results should be correlated clinically and may require peripheral smear examination.

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#Ministry_of_Health

As announced by the Ministry of Health, the registration for health professionals who are going to take the competency exam will be conducted online from July 15-24, 2017 Ethiopian Calendar (E.C.).

To register 👇
http://hple.moh.gov.et/hple

It has been stated that you are required to use a computer when registering. It has also been mentioned that if you register by phone, not all sections may be filled out completely. You must also have a correct email 📧 and password. When you register, you must select the location where you will take the exam. Also, after completing the registration, the system will give you a registration number, so you must print and keep that number.

(By entering http://hple.moh.gov.et/hple, click on the Registration section to find detailed competency exam guidelines.)

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to get educational information in one place!

𝐋𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐫 𝐅𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐓𝐞𝐬𝐭 (𝐋𝐅𝐓) — 𝐒𝐢𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐝 𝐎𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐢𝐞𝐰
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🤔 What is the LFT..?

The Liver Function Test (LFT) is a diagnostic panel that evaluates the liver’s health by measuring specific enzymes, proteins, and bilirubin levels in the blood.


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🎯 Purpose of the Test

LFT is commonly used to:

• Detect liver infections (e.g. Hepatitis A, B, C)

• Monitor damage due to alcohol, drugs, or toxins

• Investigate jaundice, fatigue, or dark urine

• Track liver function in chronic diseases like cirrhosis

• Assess response to medications affecting the liver



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🧪 Sample Requirements

》Specimen: Serum

》Tube Type: Plain (red or yellow top)

》Volume: 2–5 mL

》Fasting: Recommended but not essential

》Processing Time: Within 2–4 hours after collection

》Important: Avoid hemolysis for accurate results



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📊 Key Parameters & Reference Ranges

• ALT (SGPT): 7–56 U/L
→ Indicator of liver cell injury

• AST (SGOT): 10–40 U/L
→ Rises in liver, heart, and muscle damage

• ALP: 44–147 U/L
→ Elevated in bile duct obstruction or bone disease

• Total Bilirubin: 0.2–1.2 mg/dL
→ Increased in jaundice and liver dysfunction

• Direct Bilirubin: 0.0–0.3 mg/dL
→ Rises in obstructive jaundice

• Indirect Bilirubin: 0.2–0.9 mg/dL
→ Rises in hemolytic anemia

• Albumin: 3.5–5.0 g/dL
→ Low levels suggest impaired liver synthesis

• A/G Ratio: 1.2–2.0
→ Reversed in advanced liver disease


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🚨 Interpretation of Abnormal Results

🔺 ALT / AST Elevated
→ Hepatitis, drug-induced liver damage, viral infection

🔺 ALP Elevated
→ Bile duct blockage, gallstones, cholestasis

🔺 Bilirubin Elevated
→ Liver dysfunction, hemolysis, hepatic tumors

🔻 Albumin Decreased
→ Cirrhosis, malnutrition, nephrotic syndrome

🔄 Reversed A/G Ratio
→ Suggests chronic or end-stage liver disease


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💡 Important Tips for LFT Handling

● Ensure sample is properly clotted before centrifugation

● Gently handle sample to avoid hemolysis.

● ALT is more specific to liver than AST.

● For suspected biliary obstruction, always correlate ALP with GGT.

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𝐑𝐞𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐅𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐓𝐞𝐬𝐭 (𝐑𝐅𝐓) / 𝐊𝐢𝐝𝐧𝐞𝐲 𝐅𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐓𝐞𝐬𝐭 (𝐊𝐅𝐓) — 𝐋𝐚𝐛 𝐓𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐒𝐢𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐝
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📖 What is the RFT/KFT?

Renal Function Test (RFT), also known as Kidney Function Test (KFT), is a group of blood and urine tests that assess how well the kidneys are filtering waste products and maintaining fluid-electrolyte balance in the body.


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🎯 Purpose of the Test

RFT/KFT is used to:

• Evaluate kidney health and filtration capacity.

• Detect acute or chronic kidney disease (CKD)

• Monitor hypertension, diabetes, heart failure.

• Assess effects of nephrotoxic drugs.

• Investigate symptoms like swelling, fatigue, decreased urine output.



──────────────────────────

🧪 Sample Requirements

》Specimen: Serum

》Tube: Plain tube (red/yellow top)

》Volume: 2–4 mL

》Fasting: Optional (preferred for consistency)

》Urine sample: May be needed for urea/creatinine ratio or proteinuria

》Processing Time: Within 2–4 hours of collection



──────────────────────────

📊 Key Parameters & Normal Reference Ranges

• Blood Urea: 15–40 mg/dL
→ Measures nitrogenous waste from protein metabolism

• Serum Creatinine:
→ Male: 0.7–1.3 mg/dL
→ Female: 0.6–1.1 mg/dL
→ Indicates glomerular filtration function

• Uric Acid:
→ Male: 3.4–7.0 mg/dL
→ Female: 2.4–6.0 mg/dL
→ Byproduct of purine metabolism; rises in renal dysfunction or gout

• Sodium (Na⁺): 135–145 mmol/L
→ Maintains fluid balance and BP

• Potassium (K⁺): 3.5–5.0 mmol/L
→ Important for muscle and heart function

• Chloride (Cl⁻): 96–106 mmol/L
→ Maintains acid-base balance

• Calcium (optional): 8.5–10.5 mg/dL
→ Affected in advanced renal disease

• BUN/Creatinine Ratio: 10:1 to 20:1
→ Helps differentiate pre-renal vs. renal failure


──────────────────────────

🚨 Interpretation of Abnormal Results

🔺 High Urea & Creatinine
→ Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
→ Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
→ Dehydration
→ Urinary obstruction

🔻 Low Urea/Creatinine
→ Liver dysfunction
→ Malnutrition
→ Overhydration

🔺 High Uric Acid
→ Renal dysfunction
→ Gout
→ Tumor lysis syndrome

🔺 Electrolyte Imbalances
→ High Potassium (Hyperkalemia): Risk of cardiac arrest
→ Low Sodium (Hyponatremia): Fluid overload, SIADH
→ High Sodium: Dehydration or diabetes insipidus


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💡 Important Tips for RFT Collection & Handling

● Ensure sample is not hemolyzed, especially for electrolytes

● Avoid tourniquet for too long — it may falsely elevate potassium

● Check urine output before interpreting creatinine

●Monitor RFT's regularly in patients with diabetes, HTN, or on nephrotoxic drugs
──────────────────────────

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Diabetes Diagnosis: The Lab's Role 🔬

Diabetes mellitus is diagnosed and monitored using specific lab tests. These tests are crucial for identifying the condition, assessing its severity, and guiding treatment decisions.

Key Diagnostic Tests: 🩸

•  Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG): ⏰ Measures blood glucose levels after at least 8 hours of fasting. Diabetes is indicated by a FPG of ≥126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L).

•  Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c): 📈 Reflects average blood glucose levels over the preceding 2-3 months. A HbA1c of ≥6.5% indicates diabetes.
🚫 This test does not require fasting.

•  Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT):
🥤 Measures blood glucose levels two hours after consuming a standardized glucose drink. Diabetes is indicated by a 2-hour glucose level of ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L).
🤰 This test is often used in pregnancy to diagnose gestational diabetes.

•  Random Plasma Glucose (RPG):
🩸 Measures blood glucose at any time of day, without regard to meals. If symptoms of diabetes are present, a RPG of ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) confirms diagnosis.

Important Points to Emphasize: ⚠️

•  Accuracy is Crucial: ✅ Proper sample collection and handling are essential for reliable results.

•  Diagnosis Requires Confirmation:
📝 A single abnormal result should be confirmed with a repeat test on a different day, or by using a different diagnostic test.
•  Clinical Context Matters:
🩺 Lab results should be interpreted in conjunction with the patient's clinical history, physical examination, and other relevant information.
•  Prediabetes is Important Too: 📊 Testing can also show "prediabetes" with A1c levels of 5.7-6.4% or fasting glucose levels of 100 -125 mg/dL. This is a great opportunity for prevention.
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🩺 Blood Pressure & The Lab: Decoding Hypertension! 🔬

High blood pressure (hypertension) isn't diagnosed in the lab, but lab tests are essential for:

•  👉 Assessing the impact of hypertension on your body.
•  🔎 Identifying causes that might be the underlying problem.
•  ✅ Checking how well your hypertension medications are working.

Key Lab Tests for Hypertension Management: 🩸

•  Kidney Function Tests: 🫘
  •  Creatinine, eGFR, BUN: Evaluate kidney damage. ⬆️ indicates impaired function.
  •  Urinalysis: Check for protein (kidney damage).
•  Lipid Panel: 脂
  •  Cholesterol, Triglycerides: Assess cardiovascular risk. Manage these for better heart health.
•  Electrolytes (K+, Na+): 🧪
  •  Monitor for imbalances caused by medications. High/Low potassium affects blood pressure.
•  Cardiac Markers (Troponin, BNP): 🫀
  •  Check for heart damage related to high blood pressure. (But does NOT cause the main high blood pressure).
•  Thyroid Function (TSH, T4): 🦋
  •  Rule out thyroid problems contributing to high blood pressure.
•  Complete Blood Count (CBC): 🩸
  •  Assessing overall health.

Lab Tests Help Your Doctor: 🩺

•  🩺 Tailor treatments
•  🎯 Prevent complications
•  ❤️ Protect your health

Remember: Regular check-ups & healthy habits are key! Get your BP checked!

Hey everyone! 📣 Take a moment to learn more and protect your health! Share this valuable information with your friends and family, and be sure to follow @Laboratorypractice for more insights into the world of lab science! 🧠

ለ 11ኛ ክፍል ተፈታኞች መልካም ዜና

ጥያቄዎችን የምታገኙበትን ምርጥ ቻናሎች ልጋብዛቹ ትወዳላቹ።

You grow 3 inches while sleeping. But the growth is temporary as you shrink back down to normal after you’re awake for a few hours. When you sit or stand, your cartilage discs are squeezed by gravity, like sponges.

ሲተኙ 3 ኢንች ያድጋሉ። ነገር ግን ይህ እድገት ጊዜያዊ ነው፣ ምክንያቱም ከጥቂት ሰዓታት እንቅልፍ በኋላ ወደ መደበኛው ስለሚቀንስ። ሲቀመጡ ወይም ሲቆሙ የአከርካሪዎ ዲስኮች እንደ ስፖንጅ በስበት ኃይል ይጨመቃሉ።

Yeroo rafan inchii 3 guddatu. Garuu guddinni kun yeroodhaaf, sababni isaas sa'aatii muraasa hirriba booda gara idileetti waan hir'atuuf. Yeroo taa'u ykn dhaabbattu, diskiin lafee dugdaa kee akka ispoonjii harkisa lafaatiin dhiibama.

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🔬 Cytochemistry: Visualizing Cell Chemistry! 🎨

Cytochemistry uses special stains to identify specific chemical components within cells, allowing lab professionals to visualize and study cellular processes and diagnose diseases. It's like adding color to reveal hidden details!

What Cytochemistry Reveals: 🔎

•  Enzyme Activity: 🧪 Localize and quantify enzyme activity within cells. (e.g., myeloperoxidase in neutrophils)
•  Cellular Components: 🧬 Identify specific substances like glycogen, lipids, and iron.
•  Cell Lineage: 🩸 Differentiate cell types based on their biochemical characteristics.

Common Cytochemical Stains & Applications: 🏥

•  Myeloperoxidase (MPO): 💥 Distinguishes myeloid from lymphoid blasts in leukemia diagnosis. (MPO + = Myeloid)
•  Sudan Black B (SBB): 🖤 Stains lipids; useful for identifying myeloid cells.
•  Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS): 🍬 Stains glycogen; helpful in diagnosing acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and other disorders.
•  Acid Phosphatase (ACP): 💡 Identifies hairy cells in hairy cell leukemia (Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase - TRAP stain).
•  Esterases (Specific and Non-Specific): 🌈 Differentiate myelomonocytic from monocytic leukemias.
•  Iron Stain (Prussian Blue): 🟦 Detects iron in bone marrow cells to assess iron stores and diagnose sideroblastic anemias.

Why Cytochemistry Matters: ✅

•  Aids in Diagnosis: Helps distinguish between different types of leukemia and other hematologic disorders.
•  Guides Treatment: Influences treatment decisions based on the specific cell lineage and characteristics.
•  Provides Visual Confirmation: Complements other diagnostic techniques like flow cytometry and molecular testing.

Where It's Used: 📍

•  Hematology Labs
•  Pathology Labs
•  Research Labs

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🤰 Pregnancy Tests: What the Lab Reveals! 🧪

Pregnancy tests detect human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone produced during pregnancy. These tests can be performed on urine or blood samples.

I. Urine Pregnancy Tests: 🚽

•  Sample: Urine (typically first-morning urine, as it's more concentrated).
•  Method: Immunoassay (lateral flow assay). A test strip is dipped into the urine sample. The strip contains antibodies that bind to hCG.
•  How it Works:
  •  If hCG is present, it binds to the antibodies on the test strip, forming a complex.
  •  This complex migrates along the strip and binds to another antibody in the test region, creating a visible line (positive result).
  •  A control line also appears to confirm that the test is working correctly.
•  Advantages:
  •  Easy to use 🏠
  •  Relatively inexpensive 💲
  •  Provides quick results (usually within minutes) ⏱️
•  Limitations:
  •  Less sensitive than blood tests. May give false negatives early in pregnancy.
  •  Can be affected by diluted urine or improper technique.

II. Blood Pregnancy Tests: 🩸

•  Sample: Blood (serum or plasma).
•  Types:
  •  Qualitative hCG: Simply detects the presence or absence of hCG (positive or negative).
  •  Quantitative hCG (Beta-hCG): Measures the exact amount of hCG in the blood.
•  Method: Immunoassay (various methods, including ELISA, chemiluminescence).
•  How it Works: Similar to urine tests, but using antibodies to bind and detect hCG in the blood sample.
•  Advantages:
  •  More sensitive than urine tests ⬆️. Can detect pregnancy earlier (even before a missed period).
  •  Quantitative hCG can provide information about the gestational age of the pregnancy and can be used to monitor the health of the pregnancy.
•  Limitations:
  •  Requires a blood draw 💉
  •  More expensive than urine tests 💸
  •  Takes longer to get results (usually a few hours) ⏳

Clinical Applications: 🩺

•  Confirmation of Pregnancy: Both urine and blood tests are used to confirm pregnancy.
•  Early Pregnancy Detection: Blood tests can detect pregnancy earlier than urine tests.
•  Monitoring High-Risk Pregnancies: Quantitative hCG is used to monitor pregnancies at risk of miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy.
•  Diagnosis of Pregnancy-Related Complications: HCG levels can be useful in diagnosing ectopic pregnancies, molar pregnancies, and other pregnancy-related complications.

Important Note: ❗ Always consult with a healthcare provider for interpretation of pregnancy test results and for appropriate medical care.

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@Laboratorypractice

#MoH (Ministry of Health)

We would like to inform health professionals who are planning to take the competency exam that the online registration will conclude on Thursday, July 24, 2017 EC.

Use this link to register 👇
http://hple.moh.gov.et/hple

Individuals who are going to take the exam will have the opportunity to choose their preferred exam location — you must select 1 out of the various location options.

It has been stated that after completing the registration, you must print and have with you the exam ID number that will be issued to you in the registration system.

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@Laboratorypractice

🎀 Breast Cancer Diagnosis: What the Lab Reveals! 🔬

Early detection is key! The lab plays a vital role in diagnosing and characterizing breast cancer.

I. Tissue Biopsy: 🎗️

•  Sample: Tissue removed during a biopsy (needle biopsy or surgical excision).
•  Histopathology: 🔍 Examination of tissue under a microscope to:
  •  Confirm the presence of cancer cells. ✅
  •  Determine the type of breast cancer (e.g., ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma).
  •  Assess the grade of the cancer (how aggressive the cells look). 📈
•  Immunohistochemistry (IHC): 🎨 Uses antibodies to identify specific proteins in the cancer cells:
  •  Estrogen Receptor (ER): 🌸
  •  Progesterone Receptor (PR): 🌿
  •  HER2 (Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2): 🧬
  •  Ki-67: Proliferation marker (how quickly the cells are dividing).

II. Molecular Testing: 🧬

•  HER2 Testing: Confirms HER2 status (amplification or overexpression) to guide treatment with targeted therapies.
  •  FISH (Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization): 🌈
  •  IHC (Immunohistochemistry).
•  Multi-Gene Assays: (e.g., Oncotype DX, MammaPrint):
  •  Analyze the expression of multiple genes in the cancer cells to predict the risk of recurrence and guide chemotherapy decisions.

III. Other Tests:

•  Cytology: Examine breast fluid or nipple discharge for atypical cells. 💧
•  Blood Tests:
  •  CBC (Complete Blood Count): Assess overall health. 🩸
  •  Liver Function Tests: Check for metastasis (spread) to the liver. 肝

How Lab Results Guide Treatment Decisions: 🎯

•  ER, PR, HER2 status: Determine eligibility for hormone therapy and HER2-targeted therapy.
•  Grade and Stage: Guide surgical and radiation therapy decisions.
•  Multi-Gene Assays: Help decide whether chemotherapy is needed.

Early detection saves lives! 💖 Follow @Laboratorypractice for more insights and empower your health! Share this info with your friends! Let’s take care of our friends and family with free laboratory diagnostic in @Laboratorypractice! 👨‍👩‍👧‍👦

"Hey everyone! 🎉 Exciting news! My YouTube channel, Laboratory Practice (https://www.youtube.com/@laboratorypractice), is launching soon! I'll be sharing tons of valuable lab-related content, including practical tips, lab questions, COC (Certificate of Competency) prep, NGAT (National Graduate Assessment Test) guidance, details about lab materials, images of real lab results, and extra information that I share with you! Subscribe now so you do not have the chance to follow the latest tips! See you on Youtube soon!"

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let's discuss the

diagnosis, lab tests, symptoms, treatments, and symbols for both hypertension (high blood pressure) and diabetes. I will focus more laboratory side.i repeat it b/c of My county is more affected in according to laboratory report results

.

I. Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)

• Diagnosis:
• Clinical Measurement: Primarily diagnosed with repeated blood pressure measurements using a sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff). A reading consistently at or above 130/80 mmHg is generally considered hypertension.
* Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM): Monitors blood pressure over a 24-hour period.
• Laboratory Diagnosis (Secondary):
• Kidney Function Tests: Elevated creatinine, BUN, or abnormal urinalysis (proteinuria).
• Electrolyte Imbalances: Abnormal potassium or sodium levels.
• Hormone Levels: Elevated aldosterone, cortisol, or catecholamines (suggesting secondary hypertension).
• Symptoms:
• Often asymptomatic ("silent killer").
• Severe hypertension may cause:
* Headaches
* Dizziness
* Blurred vision
* Chest pain
* Shortness of breath
* Nosebleeds
• Drugs Used:
• Diuretics (e.g., hydrochlorothiazide, furosemide)
• ACE inhibitors (e.g., lisinopril, enalapril)
• ARBs (e.g., losartan, valsartan)
• Beta-blockers (e.g., metoprolol, atenolol)
• Calcium channel blockers (e.g., amlodipine, diltiazem)
• Symbols: (These aren't official, but commonly used)
• ⬆️/ ⬆BP (Increased Blood Pressure)
• ❤️ with a stressed/strained appearance

II. Diabetes Mellitus

• Diagnosis:
• Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG): ≥126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) after at least 8 hours of fasting.
• Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c): ≥6.5%.
• Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT): 2-hour plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) during an OGTT using a glucose load containing 75 g anhydrous glucose dissolved in water.
• Random Plasma Glucose (RPG): ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) in a patient with symptoms of hyperglycemia or hyperglycemic crisis.
• Laboratory Diagnosis:
• Fasting blood sugar (FBS): To test level after fasting.
• A1C: to diagnosis three blood glucose average.
• Lipid Panel: to evaluate the blood level
• Insulin level
• Glucose level
• Symptoms:
• Frequent urination (polyuria)
• Excessive thirst (polydipsia)
• Unexplained weight loss
• Increased hunger (polyphagia)
• Blurred vision
• Slow-healing sores
• Frequent infections
• Numbness or tingling in hands or feet
• Drugs Used:
• Type 1 Diabetes: Insulin (various types, e.g., rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, long-acting)
• Type 2 Diabetes:
* Metformin
* Sulfonylureas (e.g., glipizide, glimepiride)
* DPP-4 inhibitors (e.g., sitagliptin, linagliptin)
* SGLT2 inhibitors (e.g., canagliflozin, empagliflozin)
* GLP-1 receptor agonists (e.g., exenatide, liraglutide)
* Thiazolidinediones (e.g., pioglitazone)
* Insulin (may be needed in some cases)
• Symbols:
• 🩸 with a sugar crystal
• 💧with excessive fluid in it
• 🍭 (Represents sugar)

Important Notes:

• Diagnosis should be confirmed by a healthcare professional.
• Treatment should be individualized.
• Lifestyle modifications (diet, exercise, weight management) are essential for managing both conditions.
• This information is for educational purposes only and should not be used as a substitute for medical advice.

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