Common Laboratory Finding in the Diffrantial Diagnosis of Microcytic Anemia

Approach to Thrombocytopenia

Approach to Child with Suspected Bleeding Disorder

Physical Examination Findings in the Evaluation of Anemia

Sites of Bone Tumors

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL) Poor Prognostic Factors

📖 Reference: Pediatric Secrets 7th Edition

ለ 12ኛ ክፍል ተፈታኞች መልካም ዜና

ትኩስ የውጤት ዜና የምታገኙበትን ምርጥ ቻናሎች ልጋብዛቹ ትወዳላቹ።

#ጥቆማ
#SalaleUniversity

የሰላሌ ዩኒቨርሲቲ ኮምፕሪሄንሲቭ ስፔሻላይዝድ ሆስፒታል በ17 የጤና መስክ የሥራ መደቦች ባለሙያዎችን በተመሳሳይ ደረጃ እና በተመሳሳይ ደመወዝ በዝውውር አወዳድሮ መመደብ ይፈልጋል፡፡

➤ የሥራ መደብ፦ በጤና የሙያ መስኮች
➤ ተፈላጊ ባለሙያዎች ብዛት፦ 102
➤ ተፈላጊ የትምህርት ደረጃ፦ ደረጃ 4 እና የመጀመሪያ ዲግሪ
➤ የሥራ ቦታ፦ የሰላሌ ዩኒቨርሲቲ ኮምፕሪሄንሲቭ ስፔሻላይዝድ ሆስፒታል

ለምዝገባ የሚያስፈልጉ፦
➫ የትምህርት ማስረጃዎች ዋናውና ኮፒው፣
➫ የታደሰ የሙያ ፈቃድ ዋናውና ኮፒው፣
➫ በቅርብ የተሰጠ የሥራ ልምድ ዋናውና ኮፒው፣
➫ ማመልከቻ እና CV፣
➫ በደረጃ 4 የምትወዳደሩ ባለሙያዎች የብቃት ማረጋገጫ (COC) ማቅረብ ይጠበቅባችኋል፡፡

የምዝገባ ቦታ፦
ሰላሌ ዩኒቨርሲቲ ኮምፕሪሄንሲቭ ስፔሻላይዝድ ሆስፒታል ሰው ኃብት አስተዳደር ቢሮ

የምዝገባ ቀን፡-
ይህ ማስታወቂያ ከወጣበት ሐምሌ 10/2017 ዓ.ም ጀምሮ ባሉት ተከታታይ 7 (ሰባት) የሥራ ቀናት፡፡ (እስከ አርብ ሐምሌ 10/2017 ዓ.ም) ፈተና የሚሰጥበት ቀን በውስጥ ማስታወቂያ እንደሚገለፅ ዩኒቨርሲቲው አሳውቋል፡፡ (የሥራ ዝውውር ማስታወቂያው ከላይ ተያይዟል፡
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የ ስንተኛ ክፍል ተማሪ ናችሁ?

Question on parasitology
1. Parasites transfer by sexual contact .?(GET)
2.parasites  exhaibiting  antigen variation..?(GTP)
3.parasites  enter skin by penetration ?HANSS
4.parasites by congenitally   transmitted ...  ? TTPM
5 . parasites found in muscle?   L=3TS
Cs=T,Eg /TTTTE
6. Parasites exhibiting acids fast? Sporas
7 .parasites causes Malabsorption? STRONG GIA CRY FOR PHILIP
8.PARASITES CAUSES ANEMIA ? PLB AND T
9 .Autoinfection parasites ? chest 🧰
10.parasites found in blood or hemoparasites ,Uroparasites ,Neuroparasites ? WBOTPL, WST,SOLIUM, Acanthamoeba ,nagleria
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𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐭𝐞 𝐁𝐥𝐨𝐨𝐝 𝐂𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐭 (𝐂𝐁𝐂) 𝐋𝐚𝐛 𝐓𝐞𝐬𝐭
▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬

📌 Wʜᴀᴛ ɪs ɪᴛ﹖

The Complete Blood Count (CBC) is one of the most commonly ordered routine blood investigations. It provides comprehensive information about the cellular components of blood, including:

● Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

● White Blood Cells (WBCs)

● Hemoglobin (Hb)

● Hematocrit (HCT/PCV)

● Platelets (PLT)

● Indices such as MCV, MCH, MCHC, and RDW


》》It serves as a screening tool for various medical conditions and is essential in both diagnosis and monitoring of diseases.


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🔬 𝑾𝒉𝒚 𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒕 𝒅𝒐𝒏𝒆?

The CBC helps in the diagnosis and evaluation of:

• Anemia (low hemoglobin or RBC count)

• Infections (elevated or low WBCs)

• Leukemias and other hematologic malignancies

• Bleeding and clotting disorders (low or high platelet count)

• Chronic diseases and nutritional deficiencies


• It is also used to monitor response to treatment, especially in cases like chemotherapy, infections, or bone marrow disorders.


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🩸 𝙎𝙖𝙢𝙥𝙡𝙚 𝙍𝙚𝙦𝙪𝙞𝙧𝙚𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩:

• Specimen: Whole blood

• Anticoagulant: EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) – purple/lavender top tube

• Volume: 2–3 mL (adult); 1 mL (pediatric)

• Handling: Mix the tube gently by inverting 6–8 times. Do not shake to avoid hemolysis or platelet clumping.

• Testing Time: Ideally within 4–6 hours of sample collection for accurate results.



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🎯 𝙉𝙤𝙧𝙢𝙖𝙡 𝙍𝙖𝙣𝙜𝙚𝙨 (𝙨𝙡𝙞𝙜𝙝𝙩𝙡𝙮 𝙫𝙖𝙧𝙮 𝙗/𝙬 𝙡𝙖𝙗𝙨):

🔹 Hemoglobin (Hb):

→ Male: 13–17 g/dL

→ Female: 12–15 g/dL

→ Children: 11–14 g/dL


🔹 Total WBC Count:

4,000–11,000 /cmm


🔹 Platelet Count:

1.5–4.5 lakh /cmm (150,000–450,000 /µL)


🔹 Hematocrit (HCT/PCV):

• Male: 40–50%

• Female: 35–45%


🔹 RBC Count:

• Male: 4.5–5.9 million /cmm

• Female: 4.0–5.2 million /cmm


🔹 Indices:

→ MCV: 80–100 fL

→ MCH: 27–32 pg

→ MCHC: 32–36 g/dL

→ RDW: 11.5–14.5%


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⚠️ Cʟɪɴɪᴄᴀʟ Iɴᴛᴇʀᴘʀᴇᴛᴀᴛɪᴏɴ ﹠ Aʙɴᴏʀᴍᴀʟ Fɪɴᴅɪɴɢs﹕

🔻 Low Hemoglobin / RBCs:

• Anemia (Iron deficiency, B12/Folate deficiency, chronic disease, blood loss)


🔺 High Hemoglobin / RBCs:

• Polycythemia vera

• Dehydration

• Chronic hypoxia (e.g., COPD)


🔺 High WBC Count (Leukocytosis):

• Bacterial infections

• Leukemia

• Inflammation

• Steroid use


🔻 Low WBC Count (Leukopenia):

• Viral infections

• Bone marrow suppression (e.g., chemotherapy)

• Typhoid fever

• Sepsis


🔻 Low Platelet Count (Thrombocytopenia):

• Dengue fever

• ITP (Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura)

• Aplastic anemia

• DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation)


🔺 High Platelet Count (Thrombocytosis):

• Iron deficiency anemia

• Post-splenectomy

• Myeloproliferative disorders


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💡 Note:

• Always use properly labeled EDTA tubes for CBC.

• Avoid hemolysis: never shake the tube. Mix gently by inversion.

• CBC machines (auto-analyzers) must be calibrated regularly for accuracy.

• Abnormal CBC results should be correlated clinically and may require peripheral smear examination.

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#Ministry_of_Health

As announced by the Ministry of Health, the registration for health professionals who are going to take the competency exam will be conducted online from July 15-24, 2017 Ethiopian Calendar (E.C.).

To register 👇
http://hple.moh.gov.et/hple

It has been stated that you are required to use a computer when registering. It has also been mentioned that if you register by phone, not all sections may be filled out completely. You must also have a correct email 📧 and password. When you register, you must select the location where you will take the exam. Also, after completing the registration, the system will give you a registration number, so you must print and keep that number.

(By entering http://hple.moh.gov.et/hple, click on the Registration section to find detailed competency exam guidelines.)

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to get educational information in one place!

𝐋𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐫 𝐅𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐓𝐞𝐬𝐭 (𝐋𝐅𝐓) — 𝐒𝐢𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐝 𝐎𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐢𝐞𝐰
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🤔 What is the LFT..?

The Liver Function Test (LFT) is a diagnostic panel that evaluates the liver’s health by measuring specific enzymes, proteins, and bilirubin levels in the blood.


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🎯 Purpose of the Test

LFT is commonly used to:

• Detect liver infections (e.g. Hepatitis A, B, C)

• Monitor damage due to alcohol, drugs, or toxins

• Investigate jaundice, fatigue, or dark urine

• Track liver function in chronic diseases like cirrhosis

• Assess response to medications affecting the liver



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🧪 Sample Requirements

》Specimen: Serum

》Tube Type: Plain (red or yellow top)

》Volume: 2–5 mL

》Fasting: Recommended but not essential

》Processing Time: Within 2–4 hours after collection

》Important: Avoid hemolysis for accurate results



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📊 Key Parameters & Reference Ranges

• ALT (SGPT): 7–56 U/L
→ Indicator of liver cell injury

• AST (SGOT): 10–40 U/L
→ Rises in liver, heart, and muscle damage

• ALP: 44–147 U/L
→ Elevated in bile duct obstruction or bone disease

• Total Bilirubin: 0.2–1.2 mg/dL
→ Increased in jaundice and liver dysfunction

• Direct Bilirubin: 0.0–0.3 mg/dL
→ Rises in obstructive jaundice

• Indirect Bilirubin: 0.2–0.9 mg/dL
→ Rises in hemolytic anemia

• Albumin: 3.5–5.0 g/dL
→ Low levels suggest impaired liver synthesis

• A/G Ratio: 1.2–2.0
→ Reversed in advanced liver disease


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🚨 Interpretation of Abnormal Results

🔺 ALT / AST Elevated
→ Hepatitis, drug-induced liver damage, viral infection

🔺 ALP Elevated
→ Bile duct blockage, gallstones, cholestasis

🔺 Bilirubin Elevated
→ Liver dysfunction, hemolysis, hepatic tumors

🔻 Albumin Decreased
→ Cirrhosis, malnutrition, nephrotic syndrome

🔄 Reversed A/G Ratio
→ Suggests chronic or end-stage liver disease


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💡 Important Tips for LFT Handling

● Ensure sample is properly clotted before centrifugation

● Gently handle sample to avoid hemolysis.

● ALT is more specific to liver than AST.

● For suspected biliary obstruction, always correlate ALP with GGT.

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𝐑𝐞𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐅𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐓𝐞𝐬𝐭 (𝐑𝐅𝐓) / 𝐊𝐢𝐝𝐧𝐞𝐲 𝐅𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐓𝐞𝐬𝐭 (𝐊𝐅𝐓) — 𝐋𝐚𝐛 𝐓𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐒𝐢𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐝
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📖 What is the RFT/KFT?

Renal Function Test (RFT), also known as Kidney Function Test (KFT), is a group of blood and urine tests that assess how well the kidneys are filtering waste products and maintaining fluid-electrolyte balance in the body.


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🎯 Purpose of the Test

RFT/KFT is used to:

• Evaluate kidney health and filtration capacity.

• Detect acute or chronic kidney disease (CKD)

• Monitor hypertension, diabetes, heart failure.

• Assess effects of nephrotoxic drugs.

• Investigate symptoms like swelling, fatigue, decreased urine output.



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🧪 Sample Requirements

》Specimen: Serum

》Tube: Plain tube (red/yellow top)

》Volume: 2–4 mL

》Fasting: Optional (preferred for consistency)

》Urine sample: May be needed for urea/creatinine ratio or proteinuria

》Processing Time: Within 2–4 hours of collection



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📊 Key Parameters & Normal Reference Ranges

• Blood Urea: 15–40 mg/dL
→ Measures nitrogenous waste from protein metabolism

• Serum Creatinine:
→ Male: 0.7–1.3 mg/dL
→ Female: 0.6–1.1 mg/dL
→ Indicates glomerular filtration function

• Uric Acid:
→ Male: 3.4–7.0 mg/dL
→ Female: 2.4–6.0 mg/dL
→ Byproduct of purine metabolism; rises in renal dysfunction or gout

• Sodium (Na⁺): 135–145 mmol/L
→ Maintains fluid balance and BP

• Potassium (K⁺): 3.5–5.0 mmol/L
→ Important for muscle and heart function

• Chloride (Cl⁻): 96–106 mmol/L
→ Maintains acid-base balance

• Calcium (optional): 8.5–10.5 mg/dL
→ Affected in advanced renal disease

• BUN/Creatinine Ratio: 10:1 to 20:1
→ Helps differentiate pre-renal vs. renal failure


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🚨 Interpretation of Abnormal Results

🔺 High Urea & Creatinine
→ Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
→ Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
→ Dehydration
→ Urinary obstruction

🔻 Low Urea/Creatinine
→ Liver dysfunction
→ Malnutrition
→ Overhydration

🔺 High Uric Acid
→ Renal dysfunction
→ Gout
→ Tumor lysis syndrome

🔺 Electrolyte Imbalances
→ High Potassium (Hyperkalemia): Risk of cardiac arrest
→ Low Sodium (Hyponatremia): Fluid overload, SIADH
→ High Sodium: Dehydration or diabetes insipidus


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💡 Important Tips for RFT Collection & Handling

● Ensure sample is not hemolyzed, especially for electrolytes

● Avoid tourniquet for too long — it may falsely elevate potassium

● Check urine output before interpreting creatinine

●Monitor RFT's regularly in patients with diabetes, HTN, or on nephrotoxic drugs
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Diabetes Diagnosis: The Lab's Role 🔬

Diabetes mellitus is diagnosed and monitored using specific lab tests. These tests are crucial for identifying the condition, assessing its severity, and guiding treatment decisions.

Key Diagnostic Tests: 🩸

•  Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG): ⏰ Measures blood glucose levels after at least 8 hours of fasting. Diabetes is indicated by a FPG of ≥126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L).

•  Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c): 📈 Reflects average blood glucose levels over the preceding 2-3 months. A HbA1c of ≥6.5% indicates diabetes.
🚫 This test does not require fasting.

•  Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT):
🥤 Measures blood glucose levels two hours after consuming a standardized glucose drink. Diabetes is indicated by a 2-hour glucose level of ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L).
🤰 This test is often used in pregnancy to diagnose gestational diabetes.

•  Random Plasma Glucose (RPG):
🩸 Measures blood glucose at any time of day, without regard to meals. If symptoms of diabetes are present, a RPG of ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) confirms diagnosis.

Important Points to Emphasize: ⚠️

•  Accuracy is Crucial: ✅ Proper sample collection and handling are essential for reliable results.

•  Diagnosis Requires Confirmation:
📝 A single abnormal result should be confirmed with a repeat test on a different day, or by using a different diagnostic test.
•  Clinical Context Matters:
🩺 Lab results should be interpreted in conjunction with the patient's clinical history, physical examination, and other relevant information.
•  Prediabetes is Important Too: 📊 Testing can also show "prediabetes" with A1c levels of 5.7-6.4% or fasting glucose levels of 100 -125 mg/dL. This is a great opportunity for prevention.
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🩺 Blood Pressure & The Lab: Decoding Hypertension! 🔬

High blood pressure (hypertension) isn't diagnosed in the lab, but lab tests are essential for:

•  👉 Assessing the impact of hypertension on your body.
•  🔎 Identifying causes that might be the underlying problem.
•  ✅ Checking how well your hypertension medications are working.

Key Lab Tests for Hypertension Management: 🩸

•  Kidney Function Tests: 🫘
  •  Creatinine, eGFR, BUN: Evaluate kidney damage. ⬆️ indicates impaired function.
  •  Urinalysis: Check for protein (kidney damage).
•  Lipid Panel: 脂
  •  Cholesterol, Triglycerides: Assess cardiovascular risk. Manage these for better heart health.
•  Electrolytes (K+, Na+): 🧪
  •  Monitor for imbalances caused by medications. High/Low potassium affects blood pressure.
•  Cardiac Markers (Troponin, BNP): 🫀
  •  Check for heart damage related to high blood pressure. (But does NOT cause the main high blood pressure).
•  Thyroid Function (TSH, T4): 🦋
  •  Rule out thyroid problems contributing to high blood pressure.
•  Complete Blood Count (CBC): 🩸
  •  Assessing overall health.

Lab Tests Help Your Doctor: 🩺

•  🩺 Tailor treatments
•  🎯 Prevent complications
•  ❤️ Protect your health

Remember: Regular check-ups & healthy habits are key! Get your BP checked!

Hey everyone! 📣 Take a moment to learn more and protect your health! Share this valuable information with your friends and family, and be sure to follow @Laboratorypractice for more insights into the world of lab science! 🧠

ለ 11ኛ ክፍል ተፈታኞች መልካም ዜና

ጥያቄዎችን የምታገኙበትን ምርጥ ቻናሎች ልጋብዛቹ ትወዳላቹ።

You grow 3 inches while sleeping. But the growth is temporary as you shrink back down to normal after you’re awake for a few hours. When you sit or stand, your cartilage discs are squeezed by gravity, like sponges.

ሲተኙ 3 ኢንች ያድጋሉ። ነገር ግን ይህ እድገት ጊዜያዊ ነው፣ ምክንያቱም ከጥቂት ሰዓታት እንቅልፍ በኋላ ወደ መደበኛው ስለሚቀንስ። ሲቀመጡ ወይም ሲቆሙ የአከርካሪዎ ዲስኮች እንደ ስፖንጅ በስበት ኃይል ይጨመቃሉ።

Yeroo rafan inchii 3 guddatu. Garuu guddinni kun yeroodhaaf, sababni isaas sa'aatii muraasa hirriba booda gara idileetti waan hir'atuuf. Yeroo taa'u ykn dhaabbattu, diskiin lafee dugdaa kee akka ispoonjii harkisa lafaatiin dhiibama.

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