Osteoporosis:
Decreased bone mass/quality causes increased bone fragility and fracture risk. The bone mineral density is at least 2.5 standard deviations below that of young, normal individuals.

Osteoporosis is a silent disease. It is asymptomatic until a fracture occurs❗️

Signs of Acute Severe Asthma Attacks:
🔹Tachypnea.
🔹Diaphoresis.
🔹Wheezing.
🔹Speaking in incomplete sentences.
🔹Use of accessory muscles of respiration.

Lung Nodule: Benign vs. Malignant

Secondary HYPOthyroidism:
Insufficient secretion of TRH or TSH.

▪️Hypothalamic disorders.

▪️Hypopituitarism.

▪️Thyroid hormone resistance syndrome.

In Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis symptoms appear after hours from exposure and resolve with removal of the causative antigen❗️

Enzymatic abnormalities resulting in uric acid overproduction:

1️⃣Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome: HGPRT deficiency.

2️⃣Superactivity of PRPP.

3️⃣Von Gierke’ s disease: G6PD deficiency.

Kernicterus:
Free, fat-soluble bilirubin crosses the BBB into the brain and accumulates particularly in the basal ganglia causing symptoms like:

🔸Lethargy.

🔸Transient disturbance.

🔸Irritability.

🔸Opisthotonos.

🔸Can lead to seizures or coma.

Types of Pneumothorax

Basophilia / Eosinophilia can be an indicator of CML or other myeloproliferative neoplasm, associated with pruritus due to excessive histamine production❗️

Complications of Bronchiectasis:
▪️Pneumonia.
▪️Empyema.
▪️Pneumothorax.
▪️Metastatic cerebral abscess.
▪️Massive hemoptysis.

Non-traumatic Causes of Spinal Cord Injury:

🔸Congenital & developmental (e.g., spina bifida, cerebral palsy).

🔸Degenerative CNS disorders (e.g., Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis).

🔸Inflammatory diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis). Infectious, ischemic causes, and toxic causes.

The main goal in treating bronchiectasis is to prevent the complications of pneumonia and hemoptysis❗️

Neurogenic Shock Triad:

🔺Hypotension.

🔺Hypothermia.

🔺Relative bradycardia.

May Allah accept your good deeds!

Did you miss us?
We are back our lovely nerds💗

Major risk factor for ischemic heart disease are:
◾️Diabetes Mellitus
◾️Hyperlipidemia
◾️Hypertension
◾️Smoking
◾️Family history of premature coronary artery disease or myocardial infarction in first-degree relative

The major difference between stable and unstable angina is that:
the first come with exertion
and the second at rest. ❗️

Physical examination is not reliable to diagnose Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) as it can be normal❗️

Most reliable diagnostic methods for IHD are:

🔺Resting ECG.

🔺Stress ECG "highest sensitivity”.

🔺Stress echocardiography.

Cardiac catheterization is the most accurate to know a specific cardiac diagnose 💢

Coronary angiography is
▫️Most known to show the presence & severity of coronary artery diseases (CAD).

▫️Mainly to know if revascularization is needed.

▫️If it shows coronary stenosis 70<, then most likely it is significant.