🔴

COPD:

• FEV 1 /FVC ratio is <0.70.

• FEV 1 is decreased.

• TLC is increased.

• Residual volume is increased.

🔴

In patients with patent foramen ovale, venous thromboembolism may result in ➡️embolization involving the systemic circulation.
This frequently presents as cerebrovascular accident.

If a peptic ulcer is uncomplicated, a barium study or endoscopy is NOT needed initially❗️
➡️Initiate empiric therapy.

If any of the peptic ulcer disease complications is suspected, order confirmatory studies.

🔴AKI vs. CKD

In evaluating a patient with AKI:

1️⃣Exclude prerenal and postrenal causes.

2️⃣If necessary, investigate intrinsic renal causes.

🔴

Delirium is a medical emergency carrying significant risk of morbidity and mortality.

Characterized by acute onset, disorientation, fluctuating level of consciousness, poor attention, and marked psychomotor changes.

4As & 1D of AD (Alzheimer's Disease):
Anterograde amnesia.
Aphasia.
Apraxia.
Agnosia.
Disturbance in executive function.

Anterograde amnesia + at least one of the other features is required for diagnosis❗️

Recurrences of Herpes Simplex Virus are associated with:
🔹Stress.
🔹Fever.
🔹Infection.
🔹Sun exposure.

Bronchiectasis:
Permanent, abnormal dilation and destruction of bronchial walls with chronic inflammation, airway collapse, and ciliary loss/dysfunction leading to impaired clearance of secretions.

Less common nowadays because modern antibiotics are used for respiratory infections❗️

Migraine auras can mimic other causes of transient neurological deficits e.g. transient ischemic attacks and seizures❗️

🔴

Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS):
It is used as a measure of disability progression in Multiple Sclerosis.
It is scored from 0 to 10 based on the neurologic exam and ambulation.

Classic Triad of Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus Progression: "AID"
🔺Ataxia/Apraxia of gait.

🔺Incontinence.

🔺Dementia.

Child-Pugh classification system:
A prognostic scoring system that was initially developed to predict mortality during surgery in patients with liver cirrhosis.

🔴

Pyloric Stenosis:

Palpable mass.

Peristalsis (visible).

Projectile vomiting (2-4 weeks after birth).

Evaluation of Hemoptysis:

🔸CXR.

🔸Fiberoptic bronchoscopy.

🔸CT scan of chest.

🔴

Complications of severe pseudomembranous colitis:

• Toxic megacolon.

• Colonic perforation.

• Anasarca, electrolyte disturbances.