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Paralytic ileus/Adynamic bowel: Failure to move the luminal contents due to poor motility.
Simple bowel obstruction: Blockage of the bowel lumen at one area without complications (perforation, strangulation etc.).
Paralytic ileus/Adynamic bowel: Failure to move the luminal contents due to poor motility.
Simple bowel obstruction: Blockage of the bowel lumen at one area without complications (perforation, strangulation etc.).
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Causes of peptic ulcer disease:
• Smoking.
• NSAIDs.
• H. pylori.
• Other.
Causes of peptic ulcer disease:
• Smoking.
• NSAIDs.
• H. pylori.
• Other.
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Nephritic syndrome is a manifestation of glomerular inflammation, glomerulonephritis [GN], due to many causes leading to leakage of the larger cells (red blood cells – plasma proteins) through the filtration barrier.
Nephritic syndrome is a manifestation of glomerular inflammation, glomerulonephritis [GN], due to many causes leading to leakage of the larger cells (red blood cells – plasma proteins) through the filtration barrier.
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Classic features of nephritic syndrome:
• Hematuria.
• Edema.
• Hypertension.
Classic features of nephritic syndrome:
• Hematuria.
• Edema.
• Hypertension.
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P-THORAX summaries the presentation of pneumothorax:
Pleuritic chest pain.
Tracheal deviation.
Hyper-resonance on percussion.
Onset is sudden.
Reduced breath sounds unilaterally.
Absent fremitus.
X-ray shows lung collapse.
P-THORAX summaries the presentation of pneumothorax:
Pleuritic chest pain.
Tracheal deviation.
Hyper-resonance on percussion.
Onset is sudden.
Reduced breath sounds unilaterally.
Absent fremitus.
X-ray shows lung collapse.
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Pulmonary Embolism: It is basically a blood clot that forms in the venous system traveling to the lung causing obstruction of the pulmonary vasculature.
• It is suggested by the presence of acute onset of dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, hypoxia, hemoptysis, low-grade fever, and tachycardia.
Pulmonary Embolism: It is basically a blood clot that forms in the venous system traveling to the lung causing obstruction of the pulmonary vasculature.
• It is suggested by the presence of acute onset of dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain, hypoxia, hemoptysis, low-grade fever, and tachycardia.
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Consider thrombolytic therapy as a treatment for a PE patient only if the patient is hemodynamically unstable (low SBP<90mmHg), and in cases of acute right ventricular dysfunction.
Consider thrombolytic therapy as a treatment for a PE patient only if the patient is hemodynamically unstable (low SBP<90mmHg), and in cases of acute right ventricular dysfunction.
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Sources of [H+]:
• Carbonic acid formation: the major source of H+ is from metabolically produced CO2.
• Inorganic acid produced during nutrient breakdown: dietary proteins contain a large quantity of sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid.
• Organic acid resulting from intermediary metabolism: lactic acid and fatty acids.
Sources of [H+]:
• Carbonic acid formation: the major source of H+ is from metabolically produced CO2.
• Inorganic acid produced during nutrient breakdown: dietary proteins contain a large quantity of sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid.
• Organic acid resulting from intermediary metabolism: lactic acid and fatty acids.
PPD test for Tuberculosis:
• ≥5mm induration in high risk group ➡️HIV, and close contact.
• ≥10mm induration in moderate risk group ➡️medical comorbidities, healthcare workers, and immigrants within the past 5 years.
• ≥15mm induration in low risk group ➡️normal healthy individuals.
• ≥5mm induration in high risk group ➡️HIV, and close contact.
• ≥10mm induration in moderate risk group ➡️medical comorbidities, healthcare workers, and immigrants within the past 5 years.
• ≥15mm induration in low risk group ➡️normal healthy individuals.
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The pH of the blood is normally 7.35 - 7.45
• A pH > 7.45 ➡️Alkalosis.
• A pH < 7.35 ➡️Acidosis.
The pH of the blood is normally 7.35 - 7.45
• A pH > 7.45 ➡️Alkalosis.
• A pH < 7.35 ➡️Acidosis.
Travellers’ Diarrhea: Acquired through ingestion of fecally contaminated food, water, and ice.
Causes:
• 80% is bacterial cause.
• 50% of all cases: Enterotoxigenic E.coli.
• 10%-20% of cases: Shigella.
• Other common causes: campylobacter jejuni.
Causes:
• 80% is bacterial cause.
• 50% of all cases: Enterotoxigenic E.coli.
• 10%-20% of cases: Shigella.
• Other common causes: campylobacter jejuni.
Diagnosis of Acute & Subacute Diarrhea:
➡️Exclude infection [stool study] GOLD STANDARD for acute diarrhea.
➡️Check for: mucus, blood [RBCs], WBCs.
➡️If negative go for Endoscopy.
➡️Exclude infection [stool study] GOLD STANDARD for acute diarrhea.
➡️Check for: mucus, blood [RBCs], WBCs.
➡️If negative go for Endoscopy.
Pyloric Stenosis:
Congenital hypertrophy of the pyloric muscles at the end of the stomach causing gastric outlet obstruction.
Congenital hypertrophy of the pyloric muscles at the end of the stomach causing gastric outlet obstruction.
Cerebral Palsy Prognosis:
• 58% of patients will walk independently.
• The survival rate is highly variable and dependent on the extent of the motor impairment.
• 58% of patients will walk independently.
• The survival rate is highly variable and dependent on the extent of the motor impairment.
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Lacunar Infarct:
Infarcts affecting small perforating arteries that supply structures deep to the cortex like:
1. The basal ganglia.
2. The internal capsule.
3. Pons.
Lacunar Infarct:
Infarcts affecting small perforating arteries that supply structures deep to the cortex like:
1. The basal ganglia.
2. The internal capsule.
3. Pons.
Screening for Hypertension
• According to USPSTF, all adults should check their BP:
- If normal BP ➡️recheck every 2 years.
- If pre-hypertensive ➡️recheck every year.
• According to USPSTF, all adults should check their BP:
- If normal BP ➡️recheck every 2 years.
- If pre-hypertensive ➡️recheck every year.
Which of the followings is the most sensitive test for SLE:
anonymous poll
Anti-Smith antibody. – 60
👍👍👍👍👍👍👍 54%
ANA. – 28
👍👍👍 25%
Anti-DDNA. – 20
👍👍 18%
ANCA. – 4
▫️ 4%
👥 112 people voted so far. Poll closed.
anonymous poll
Anti-Smith antibody. – 60
👍👍👍👍👍👍👍 54%
ANA. – 28
👍👍👍 25%
Anti-DDNA. – 20
👍👍 18%
ANCA. – 4
▫️ 4%
👥 112 people voted so far. Poll closed.