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Ankylosing spondylitis: extra-articular manifestations⬇️
6 A's:
Atlanto-axial subluxation
Anterior uveitis
Apical lung fibrosis
Aortic incompetence
Amyloidosis (kidneys)
Autoimmune bowel disease (UC)
Ankylosing spondylitis: extra-articular manifestations⬇️
6 A's:
Atlanto-axial subluxation
Anterior uveitis
Apical lung fibrosis
Aortic incompetence
Amyloidosis (kidneys)
Autoimmune bowel disease (UC)
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causes of impalpable Apex beat:
COPD
Obesity
Pleural, Pericardial effusion
Dextrocardia
causes of impalpable Apex beat:
COPD
Obesity
Pleural, Pericardial effusion
Dextrocardia
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Carcinomas having tendency to metastasize to bone:
Prostate
Thyroid
Lung
Kidney
Breast
Carcinomas having tendency to metastasize to bone:
Prostate
Thyroid
Lung
Kidney
Breast
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Appendicectomy complications:
Wound infection
Respiratory (atelectasis, pneumonia)
Abscess (pelvic)
Portal pyemia
Ileus (paralytic)
Fecal fistula
Hernia (r. inguinal)
Obstruction (intestinal due to adhesions)
Thrombus (DVT)
Appendicectomy complications:
Wound infection
Respiratory (atelectasis, pneumonia)
Abscess (pelvic)
Portal pyemia
Ileus (paralytic)
Fecal fistula
Hernia (r. inguinal)
Obstruction (intestinal due to adhesions)
Thrombus (DVT)
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Colon carcinoma: left vs right sided common characteristics⬇️
- Left:
Obstruction
Bowel habits altered
Encircling lesion
- Right:
Iron defiency anemia
Bleeding
Bulky
Colon carcinoma: left vs right sided common characteristics⬇️
- Left:
Obstruction
Bowel habits altered
Encircling lesion
- Right:
Iron defiency anemia
Bleeding
Bulky
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Eye rotation by oblique muscles:
Inferior oblique: Lateral eye rotation (extortion).
Superior oblique: Medial eye rotation (intortion).
Eye rotation by oblique muscles:
Inferior oblique: Lateral eye rotation (extortion).
Superior oblique: Medial eye rotation (intortion).
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Multi Drug Resistant Organisms:
E.coli
MRSA
Klebsiella (mainly carbapenems)
Acinetobacter bomani
Pseudomonas
Enterococcus
Multi Drug Resistant Organisms:
E.coli
MRSA
Klebsiella (mainly carbapenems)
Acinetobacter bomani
Pseudomonas
Enterococcus
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There are 4 SIRS criteria; the presence of at 2 or more indicates SIRS.
1. Body temperature <36°C or >38°C
2. Heart rate >90 BPM
3. Tachypnea >20 breaths per minute, or PCO 2 <32 mm Hg
4. WBC <4,000 cells/mm³ or >12,000 cells/mm³
There are 4 SIRS criteria; the presence of at 2 or more indicates SIRS.
1. Body temperature <36°C or >38°C
2. Heart rate >90 BPM
3. Tachypnea >20 breaths per minute, or PCO 2 <32 mm Hg
4. WBC <4,000 cells/mm³ or >12,000 cells/mm³
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The 6 signs of compartment syndrome are:
Pain: most commonly the first symptom
Pallor: lack of blood flow causes pale skin
Paresthesia: “pins and needles” sensation
Paralysis: inability to move the limb
Pulselessness: lack of distal pulses
Poikilothermia: cold to the touch
The 6 signs of compartment syndrome are:
Pain: most commonly the first symptom
Pallor: lack of blood flow causes pale skin
Paresthesia: “pins and needles” sensation
Paralysis: inability to move the limb
Pulselessness: lack of distal pulses
Poikilothermia: cold to the touch
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Pulses⬇️
Pulsus alternans: sign of left ventricular systolic dysfunction
Pulsus bigeminus: sign of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM)
Pulsus bisferiens: in aortic regurgitation
Pulsus tardus et parvus: aortic stenosis
Pulsus paradoxus: cardiac tamponade and tension pneumothorax
Irregularly irregular: atrial fibrillation
Pulses⬇️
Pulsus alternans: sign of left ventricular systolic dysfunction
Pulsus bigeminus: sign of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM)
Pulsus bisferiens: in aortic regurgitation
Pulsus tardus et parvus: aortic stenosis
Pulsus paradoxus: cardiac tamponade and tension pneumothorax
Irregularly irregular: atrial fibrillation
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Mackler’s triad:
1. Emesis
2. Lower chest pain
3. Cervical emphysema (subQ air)
Mackler’s triad:
1. Emesis
2. Lower chest pain
3. Cervical emphysema (subQ air)
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Macular Degeneration:
- The most common cause of blindness in older persons in the United States.
- Far more common in older patients.
- Bilateral.
-Normal external appearance of the eye.
-Loss of central vision.
Macular Degeneration:
- The most common cause of blindness in older persons in the United States.
- Far more common in older patients.
- Bilateral.
-Normal external appearance of the eye.
-Loss of central vision.
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One of the first signs of pregnancy that is seen on physical exam is the Goodell sign, softening of the cervix that is felt first at 4 weeks. Quickening is the first time the mother feels fetal movement.
One of the first signs of pregnancy that is seen on physical exam is the Goodell sign, softening of the cervix that is felt first at 4 weeks. Quickening is the first time the mother feels fetal movement.
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Prenatal care:
A thickened or enlarged nuchal translucency is an indication of Down syndrome.
Prenatal care:
A thickened or enlarged nuchal translucency is an indication of Down syndrome.
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1. tPA (thrombolytics) are beneficial only with ST elevation MI.
2. Heparin is best for non-ST elevation MI.
3. GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors are best for non-ST elevation MI and those undergoing PCI and stenting.
1. tPA (thrombolytics) are beneficial only with ST elevation MI.
2. Heparin is best for non-ST elevation MI.
3. GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors are best for non-ST elevation MI and those undergoing PCI and stenting.
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The most common pattern of dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes is elevated triglyceride and decreased HDL cholesterol.
The most common pattern of dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes is elevated triglyceride and decreased HDL cholesterol.