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Alkalosis vs. acidosis:

Directions of pH and HCO3 ROME mnemonic:


Respiratory= Opposite:
· pH is high, PCO2 is down (Alkalosis).
· pH is low, PCO2 is up (Acidosis).
Metabolic= Equal:
· pH is high, HCO3 is high (Alkalosis).
· pH is low, HCO3 is low (Acidosis).

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Rods vs cone function:

RoD: Dim light.
Cones: Color.

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Diabetes Insipidous:
diagnosing subtypes After a
desmopression injection:

Concentrated urine = Cranial.
No effect = Nephrogenic.

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Carbamazepine uses:

Cranial Nerve V (trigeminal) neuralgia
Bipolar disorder
Seizures

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Gynecomastia-causing drugs:

Digoxin
Isoniazid
Spironolactone
Cimetidine
Oestrogens
Stilboestrol

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Nitrofurantoin major side effects NitroFurAntoin:


Neuropathy (peripheral neuropathy)
Fibrosis (pulmonary fibrosis)
Anemia (hemolytic anemia)

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Beta-blockers contraindications:

Asthma
heart block
COPD
Diabetes mellitus
hyperkalemia

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drugs inducing SLE:

Hydralazine
INH
Procanimide

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Lithium: side effects LITH:
Leukocytosis
Insipidus [diabetes insipidus, tied to polyuria]
Tremor/ Teratogenesis
Hypothyroidism

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Edwards' syndrome
characteristics EDWARDS:
Eighteen (trisomy)
Digit overlapping flexion
Wide head
Absent intellect (mentally retarded)
Rocker-bottom feet
Diseased heart
Small lower jaw

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Gout major features:

Great toe
One joint (75% monoarticular)
Uric acid increased (hence urolithiasis)
Tophi

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Pneumothorax presentation:


Pleuretic pain
Trachea deviation
Hyperresonance
Onset sudden
Reduced breath sounds (& dypsnea)
Absent fremitus
X-ray shows collapse

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Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: signs:

Fever
Anemia
Thrombocytopenia
Renal problems
Neurologic dysfunction

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Gout vs. pseudo-gout


crystal lab findings:
In Pseduogout, crystals are positive birefringent.

In Gout, crystals are negative needle shaped crystals.

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Multiple endocrine neoplasia III:
It is a disease of 3 M's:

Medullary thyroid carcinoma
Medulla of adrenal (pheochromocytoma)
Mucosal neuroma

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Emphysem types and most important feature of each

- Types:

Centrilobular
Irregular
Pancinar
Paraseptal


- Most important feature for each type (in order as above):

Cigarrettes
Inflammation healed to scar
Protease inhibitor deficiency (a1-antitrypsin)
Pneumothorax

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Wernicke-Korsakoff's psychosis findings:


Wernicke's encephalopathy (acute phase):
Confusion
Ophthalmoplegia
Ataxia
Thiamine tx


Korsakoff's psychosis (chronic phase):
Retrograde amnesia
Anterograde amnesia
Confabulation
Korsakoff's psychosis

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Lung cancer main sites for distant metastases:

Bone
Liver
Adrenals
Brain

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Signs of trouble mole:

Asymmetry
Border irregular
Colour irregular
Diameter usually > 0.5cm
Elevation irregular

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Female pelvis shapes in order from most to least common:

Gynecoid
Android /Anthropoid
Platypelloid

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Post-partum haemorrhage (PPH) causes:
4 'T's

Tissue (retained placenta)
Tone (uterine atony)
Trauma (traumatic delivery, episiotomy)
Thrombin (coagulation disorders, DIC)