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Renal biopsy in nephrotic syndrome:

Age <1y & >12y
Atypical Feature
Renal Failure
+Ve ANA
⇓Complement
+Ve FH
Steroid Resistant

The most common cause of death in DM-1 is *DKA*,
while the most common cause of death in DKA is *cerebral edema* .

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Diseases in which patients need to avoid contact sport:

Infectious mononucliosis
Polycystic kidney disease
Hydatid cysts

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The most common cause of rectal prolapse is:
Constipation.

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Side-effects of ACE inhibitors:
Cough
Angioedema
Potassium excess
Taste changes
Orthostatic hypotension
Pregnancy contraindication
Pressure drop (hypotension)
Renal failure
Rash
Indomethacin inhibition
Leukopenia (rare)

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Atrioventricular node blocking agents:
Adenosine, amiodarone
Beta-blockers
Calcium channel blockers
Digoxin

Porcelain gallbladder treatment of choice is:

Prophylactic cholecystectomy – 90
👍👍👍👍👍👍👍 81%

Watchful waiting – 8
👍 7%

ERCP – 8
👍 7%

MRCP – 5
▫️ 5%

👥 111 people voted so far. Poll closed.

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Cyanotic congenital heart disease (right to left shunts):

Truncus arteriosus
Transposition of the great arteries
Tricuspid atresia
Tetralogy of Fallot
Total anomalous pulmonary venous return

The correct answer is: Prophylactic cholecystectomy.

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Amiodarone side effects:

Bradycardia/Blue man
Interstitial Lung Disease
Thyroid (hyper and hypo)
Corneal (occular)/Cutaneous (skin)
Hepatic/Hypotension when IV (due to solvents

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Meckel’s diverticulum (Rule of 2’s):

2% of population
2x commoner in males
2 feet proximal to ileocaecal valve
2 inches in length
2 types of common ectopic tissue (gastric and pancreatic)

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Complications of multiple pregnancy:

Hydramnios (poly)
Intrauterine growth restriction
Preterm labour
APH
Pre-eclampsia
Abortion

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Pheochromocytoma (rule of 10’s):

10% extra-abdominal
10% malignant
10% bilateral
10% in children
BUT 30% genetic/syndromic!

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Folate deficiency causes:

Alcoholism
Folic acid antagonists
OCP
Low dietary intake
Infection (giardiasis)
Coeliac disease
Dilantin (phenytoin)
Relative folate deficiency
Old
Pregnancy

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Reversible causes of cardiac arrest:

Hypovolaemia
Hypoxia
H+ (acidosis)
Hypothermia
Hypoglycaemia
Hypokalaemia
Hyperkalaemia
Tension pneumothorax
cardiac Tamponade
Thrombosis (PE/MI)
Toxins

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Features of Marfan’s syndrome:


Mitral valve prolapse
Aortic dissection/ Aortic aneurysm
Regurgitant aortic valve
Retinal detachment
Fibrillin-1 mutation
Arm span > height / Arachnodactyly
Near-sighted
Nasal voice (high-arched palate)
Scoliosis
Subluxated lens
pectus escavatum

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The signs and symptoms of Kawasaki:

Conjunctivitis (non-purulent)
Rash
Adenopathy (cervical and commonly unilateral)
Strawberry tongue
Hands (palmar erythema/swelling)
fever lasting at least 5 days or more

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APGAR score components:

Appearance: cyanosis--peripheral, central, none
Pulse: pulse rate
Grimace: response to stimulation
Activity: movement of the baby (muscle tone)
Respiration: respiratory rate

Vitamin toxicities:

neonatal Excess vitamin A: Anomalies (teratogenic)
Excess vitamin E: Enterocolitis (necrotizing enterocolitis)
Excess vitamin K: Kernicterus (hemolysis)

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Post-operative fever causes
Six W's:
Wind: pulmonary system is primary source of fever first 48 hours, may
have pneumonia
Wound: infection at surgical site
Water: check IV for phlebitis
Walk: deep venous thrombosis, due to pelvic pooling or restricted
mobility related to pain and fatigue
Whiz: urinary tract infection if urinary catheterization
Wonder drugs: drug-induced fever

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Suicide risk screening
SAD PERSONS scale:

Sex (Male - Completion, Female - Attempt)
Age (Adolescent or Elderly)
Depression
Previous attempt
Ethanol abuse
Rational thinking loss
Social support problems
Organised plan
No spouse
Sickness (chronic illness)