LAB Notes ๐Ÿ’‰๐Ÿ”ฌ๐Ÿ“–
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ุดุฑุญ ุงู„ู…ุญุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑู‰ ู„ู„ุชุญุงู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุฉ โ˜บ๏ธ
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โค1
ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑ ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate) ูŠุนุชู…ุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุจุฏุฃ ุชุฑุณูŠุจ ูƒุฑูŠุงุช ุงู„ุฏู… ุงู„ุญู…ุฑุงุก ุฏุงุฎู„ ุฃู†ุจูˆุจุฉ ุฑุฃุณูŠุฉ ุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุฏู… ู…ุถุงู ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ู…ุงู†ุน ุชุฎุซุฑ (ุนุงุฏุฉ EDTA ุฃูˆ Citrate).

๐Ÿ”น ุงู„ู…ุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠ:

ูƒุฑูŠุงุช ุงู„ุฏู… ุงู„ุญู…ุฑุงุก ุฃุซู‚ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจู„ุงุฒู…ุงุŒ ูˆุนู†ุฏ ุชุฑูƒ ุงู„ุนูŠู†ุฉ ุณุงูƒู†ุฉ ุชุจุฏุฃ ููŠ ุงู„ุชุฑุณูŠุจ ุชุญุช ุชุฃุซูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฌุงุฐุจูŠุฉ.

ุณุฑุนุฉ ุงู„ุชุฑุณูŠุจ ุชุนุชู…ุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ุฏุฑุฉ ูƒุฑุงุช ุงู„ุฏู… ุงู„ุญู…ุฑุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ุชูƒูˆูŠู† ุชูƒุชู„ุงุช (Rouleaux formation)ุŒ ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ุชุชุฃุซุฑ ุจุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช ุงู„ุจู„ุงุฒู…ุง (ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ูุงูŠุจุฑูŠู†ูˆุฌูŠู† ูˆ ุงู„ุบู„ูˆุจูŠูˆู„ูŠู†ุงุช ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุนูŠุฉ).

ูƒู„ู…ุง ุฒุงุฏ ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู†ุงุช (ูƒู…ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุงู„ุชู‡ุงุจุงุช ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุนุฏูˆู‰ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ุฃูˆุฑุงู…) โ†’ ุฒุงุฏุช ู‚ุงุจู„ูŠุฉ ูƒุฑูŠุงุช ุงู„ุฏู… ุงู„ุญู…ุฑุงุก ู„ู„ุงู„ุชุตุงู‚ ูˆุงู„ุชุฌู…ุน โ†’ ุฒุงุฏุช ุณุฑุนุฉ ุงู„ุชุฑุณูŠุจ โ†’ ุงุฑุชูุน ู…ุนุฏู„ ESR.

๐Ÿ”น ุจุงู„ุชุงู„ูŠ:

ESR ู„ุง ูŠู‚ูŠุณ ู…ุฑุถู‹ุง ุจุนูŠู†ู‡ุŒ ู„ูƒู†ู‡ ู…ุคุดุฑ ุบูŠุฑ ู†ูˆุนูŠ ู„ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ุชู‡ุงุจ ุฃูˆ ุฎู„ู„.
โค1
ุงู„ุณู„ุงู… ุนู„ูŠูƒู… , ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงุฑุฏู‡ ู…ุนุงู†ุง ุชุญุงู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰
ู…ู† ุฃู‡ู… ุงู„ุชุญุงู„ูŠู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุงู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ ุจูŠุทู„ุจู‡ุง: Urea โ€“ Creatinine โ€“ eGFR โ€ฆ

ุงู„ู€ Urea - Blood Urea Nitrogen โ€“ BUNู†ุงุชุฌ ู…ู† ุชูƒุณูŠุฑ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ูƒุจุฏ ูˆุงู„ูƒู„ู‰ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ุจุชุชุฎู„ุต ู…ู†ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุจูˆู„.
ุงุฑุชูุงุนู‡ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุฏู„ ุนู„ู‰ ูุดู„ ูƒู„ูˆูŠุŒ ุฌูุงูุŒ ู†ุฒูŠู ู…ุนุฏูŠ ุฃูˆ ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ุฃูƒู„.
ู„ูƒู† ู…ุด ู…ุญุฏุฏ ู„ู„ูƒู„ู‰ ุจุณ ู…ู…ูƒู† ูŠุนู„ู‰ ู„ุฃุณุจุงุจ ุชุงู†ูŠุฉ ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰.

ุงู„ู€ Creatinine:ู†ุงุชุฌ ู…ู† ุชูƒุณูŠุฑ ุงู„ูƒุฑูŠุงุชูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ุนุถู„ุงุช.
ุจูŠุชุฎู„ุต ู…ู†ู‡ ุงู„ุฌุณู… ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰ ูู‚ุท ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจู‹ุง.
ุนุดุงู† ูƒุฏู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุฃุฏู‚ ู…ู† ุงู„ูŠูˆุฑูŠุง ููŠ ุชู‚ูŠูŠู… ูˆุธูŠูุฉ ุงู„ูƒูู„ู‰.
ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ุจูŠุฎุชู„ู ุญุณุจ ุงู„ุนุถู„ุงุช (ุงู„ุฑุฌุงู„ุฉ ุฃุนู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณุชุงุช).
ุงุฑุชูุงุนู‡ ุบุงู„ุจู‹ุง ู…ุนู†ุงู‡ ุฅู† ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰ ู…ุด ุจุชูู„ุชุฑ ูƒูˆูŠุณ.

ู€ eGFR (Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate):
ู…ุนุงุฏู„ุฉ ุจุชุชุญุณุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ูƒุฑูŠุงุชูŠู†ูŠู† + ุงู„ุนู…ุฑ + ุงู„ุฌู†ุณ
ุจุชู‚ูˆู„ู†ุง ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰ ุจุชูู„ุชุฑ ู‚ุฏ ุฅูŠู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ.
ู„ูˆ ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† 60 ููŠู‡ Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD).
ูˆู„ูˆ ุฃู‚ู„ ู…ู† 15 ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุฏุฎู„ุช ููŠ ูุดู„ ูƒู„ูˆูŠ ุดุฏูŠุฏ (Kidney failure).

ุฃูˆู‚ุงุช ุงู„ุฏูƒุชูˆุฑ ุจูŠุทู„ุจ Urine Albumin/Creatinine ratio โ€ฆ ุฏู‡ ู…ู‡ู… ุฌุฏู‹ุง ู„ู„ูƒุดู ุงู„ู…ุจูƒุฑ ุนู† ู…ุฑุถ ุงู„ูƒู„ู‰ ุฎุตูˆุตู‹ุง ููŠ ู…ุฑุถู‰ ุงู„ุณูƒุฑ ูˆุงู„ุถุบุท.

ุงู„ุชุญุงู„ูŠู„ ุฏูŠ ู„ุงุฒู… ุชุชูุณุฑ ู…ุน ุจุนุถุŒ ู„ุฃู† ู…ู…ูƒู† ุงู„ูƒุฑูŠุงุชูŠู†ูŠู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ุทุจูŠุนูŠ ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ู€ eGFR ู…ู†ุฎูุถ (ุฎุตูˆุตู‹ุง ููŠ ูƒุจุงุฑ ุงู„ุณู†).

ุชุฎูŠู„ ุฅู† ุงู„ูƒูู„ูŠุชูŠู† ุญุฌู…ู‡ู… ุตุบูŠุฑ (ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ู‚ุจุถุฉ ุงู„ูŠุฏ) โ€ฆ
ู„ูƒู† ูƒู„ ูŠูˆู… ุจูŠูู„ุชุฑูˆุง ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 180 ู„ุชุฑ ุฏู…!
ูˆุจูŠุทู„ุน ู…ู†ู‡ู… ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 1.5 ู„ุชุฑ ุจูˆู„ ุจุณ โ€ฆ ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุจูŠุญุชูุธูˆุง ุจุงู„ู…ููŠุฏ ูˆูŠุฑู…ูˆุง ุงู„ุถุงุฑ.
ูˆูƒู…ุงู† ุฑุจู†ุง ู…ุฏูŠูƒ ูƒู„ูŠุชูŠู† โ€ฆ ูˆู„ูˆ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ ุจุณ ุงุดุชุบู„ุช ุจูƒูุงุกุฉ 30-40% ุชู‚ุฏุฑ ุชุนูŠุด ุทุจูŠุนูŠ!

ุณุจุญุงู† ุงู„ุฎุงู„ู‚ .. ู…ูŠู† ุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ู„ู‡ ูŠู‚ุฏุฑ ูŠุตู…ู… ุฌู‡ุงุฒ ุชู†ู‚ูŠุฉ ุทุจูŠุนูŠุŒ ุดุบุงู„ 24/7ุŒ ู…ู† ุบูŠุฑ ุจุทุงุฑูŠุฉ ูˆู„ุง ุดุงุญู† โ€ฆ ูˆู…ุน ูƒุฏู‡ ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ ู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุฅู†ู‡ ูŠูุฑุฒ ุงู„ุณู…ูˆู… ูˆูŠุฑุฌุน ู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃู…ู„ุงุญ ูˆุงู„ุณูˆุงุฆู„ ุงู„ู„ูŠ ู…ุญุชุงุฌู‡ุง ุจุงู„ุธุจุท.
โค3
๐ŸงชUrine chemistry๐Ÿงช
..... is a part of biological tests that allows doctors to understand the body's condition through the components of urine.
Urine provides important information about the kidneys, water and salt balance, and diseases such as diabetes or infections.
What do we usually find in chemical urine tests?

๐Ÿ”–1. Glucose: Not normally present in urine. If found, it may be a sign of diabetes.

๐Ÿ”–2. Proteins: Abnormal presence in urine, indicating kidney problems.

๐Ÿ”–3. Ketone bodies: Appear when the body burns fat excessively, such as in uncontrolled diabetes or prolonged fasting.

๐Ÿ”–4. pH: Measures urine acidity, typically ranging between 4.5 and 8. Changes may indicate infection or metabolic issues.

๐Ÿ”–5. Blood: Presence of blood in urine may indicate inflammation, stones, or injury.

๐Ÿ”–6. Urobilinogen and bilirubin: Substances resulting from hemoglobin breakdown. Elevated levels may indicate liver problems.

๐Ÿ”–7. Density (urine density): Measures urine concentration, indicating hydration status.
...................................................................

๐Ÿ“Œ1. Glucose in urine: Normally not present. If found, it may indicate diabetes.

๐Ÿ“Œ2. Proteins: Kidneys have filters (glomeruli) that prevent protein loss. Presence of protein in urine (proteinuria) may be due to kidney inflammation, high blood pressure, or intense physical activity.

๐Ÿ“Œ3. Ketone bodies: Appear when the body burns fat instead of glucose. Found in: uncontrolled type 1 diabetes, prolonged fasting, or severe dieting.

๐Ÿ“Œ4. Urine pH: Normal range: 4.5-8. Acidic pH (near 4.5) may be due to high protein diet or specific infections. Alkaline pH (near 8) may indicate urinary tract infections with certain bacteria.

๐Ÿ“Œ5. Blood in urine: Presence of red blood cells (hematuria) may be due to kidney stones, urinary tract infections, injury, or inflammation.

๐Ÿ“Œ6. Bilirubin and urobilinogen: Substances resulting from red blood cell breakdown. Elevated levels may indicate liver issues.