🛡️Retired Judge

♟️At any time, the chief justice of India can request a retired judge of the Supreme Court or a retired judge of a high court (who is duly qualified for appointment as a judge of the Supreme Court) to act as a judge of the Supreme Court for a temporary period.

♟️He can do so only with the previous consent of the president and also of the person to be so appointed.

♟️Such a judge is entitled to such allowances as the president may determine.

♟️He will also enjoy all the jurisdiction, powers and privileges of a judge of Supreme Court. But, he will not otherwise be deemed to be a judge of the Supreme Court.

Topic: ALEC Meeting's Zoom MeetingTime: Jan 22, 2025 07:00 PM India

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📌 *Committee Name -- Establishment Year -- Details*

✍ *Kapur Commission -- 1966* -- The Kapur Commission was a commission of inquiry of Mysore, India, into the murder conspiracy of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi.

✍ *Khosla Commission -- 1970* -- To re-investigate the death of Subhas Chandra Bose

✍ *Mandal Commission -- 1979* -- Mandal Commission was constituted in the year 1979 with the objective of "identification of socially or educationally backward class". This commission was headed by Indian B.P Mandal.

✍ *Mukherjee Commission -- 1959* -- To re-investigate the death of Subhas Chandra Bose

✍ *Narendran Commission -- 2000* -- Narendran Commission was an inquiry commission appointed by The Government of Kerala, India, in February 2000 to study and report on the adequacy or otherwise of representation for Backward Classes in the State public services.

✍ *National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution -- 2000* -- To suggest changes in electoral laws

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*🛡️Fast-track Courts*

♟️ *Purpose* Established to address the backlog of criminal cases, especially heinous crimes against women and children.
♟️ *Challenges:* Resource limitations, inefficient investigations, insufficient staff, and limited scope of jurisdiction.
♟️ *Performance* Despite initial increase in functional courts, many states struggle to maintain them due to financial and administrative constraints.
♟️Need for Reform: States must prioritize their operation, ensure necessary resources, improve investigations, and leverage technology.

*💎Visual Summary Analysis*

♟️Chart 1: Shows the increasing burden on the judiciary due to the rising number of criminal cases.
♟️Chart 2: Indicates the initial enthusiasm but subsequent decline in the establishment and maintenance of fast-track courts.
♟️Chart 3: Depicts the uneven distribution of functional courts across different states, highlighting the disparity in access to justice.

*🛡️Features Of Fundamental Duties*

♟️Some of them are moral duties while others are civic duties.

For instance, cherishing noble ideals of freedom struggle is a moral precept and respecting the Constitution, National Flag and National Anthem is a civic duty.

♟️They refer to such values which have been a part of the Indian tradition, mythology, religions and practices.

♟️Fundamental Duties are confined to citizens only and do not extend to
foreigners.

♟️Fundamental duties are non-justiciable. The Constitution does not provide for their direct enforcement by the courts.