*♟️Qualification Of Judges*

♟️A person to be appointed as a judge of the Supreme Court should have the following qualifications:-

✔️He should be a citizen of India.

✔️a) He should have been a judge of a High Court (or high courts in succession) for five years; or (b) He should have been an advocate of a High Court (or High Courts in succession) for ten years; or (c) He should be a distinguished jurist in the opinion of the president.

♟️From the above, it is clear that the Constitution has not prescribed a minimum age for appointment as a judge of the Supreme Court.

*🛡️Appointment Of Chief Justice*

♟️From 1950 to 1973, the practice has been to appoint the seniormost judge of the Supreme Court as the chief justice of India.

♟️This established convention was violated in 1973 when A.N. Ray was appointed as the Chief Justice of India by superseding three senior judges.

♟️Again in 1977, M.U. Beg was appointed as the chief justice of India by superseding the then senior-most judge.

♟️This discretion of the government was curtailed by the Supreme Court in the Second Judges Case (1993), in which the Supreme Court ruled that the seniormost judge of the Supreme Court should alone be appointed to the office of the chief justice of India.

🛡️ *Appointment Of Judges*

♟️The judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the president.

♟️The chief justice is appointed by the president after consultationl with such judges of the Supreme Court and high courts as he deems necessary.

♟️The other judges are appointed by president after consultation with the chief justice and such other judges of the Supreme Court and the high courts as he deems necessary.

♟️The consultation with the chief justice is obligatory in the case of appointment of a judge other than Chief justice.

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*🛡️Language In Parliament*

♟️The Constitution has declared Hindi and English to be the languages for transacting business in the Parliament. However, the presiding officer can permit a member to address the House in his mother-tongue. In both the Houses, arrangements are made for simultaneous translation.

♟️Though English was to be discontinued as a floor language after the expiration of fifteen years from the commencement of the Constitution (that is, in 1965), the Official Languages Act (1963) allowed English to be continued along with Hindi.

*🛡️Dissolution*

♟️Rajya Sabha, being a permanent House, is not subject to dissolution. Only the Lok Sabha is subject to dissolution.

♟️Unlike a prorogation, a dissolution ends the very life of the existing House, and a new House is constituted after general elections are held.

♟️The dissolution of the Lok Sabha may take place in either of two ways:

1. Automatic dissolution, that is, on the expiry of its tenure of five years or the terms as extended during a national emergency; or

2. Whenever the President decides to dissolve the House, which he is authorised to do. Once the Lok Sabha is dissolved before the completion of its normal tenure, the dissolution is irrevocable.

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*🛡️Appointment Of Chief Justice*

♟️From 1950 to 1973, the practice has been to appoint the seniormost judge of the Supreme Court as the chief justice of India.

♟️This established convention was violated in 1973 when A.N. Ray was appointed as the Chief Justice of India by superseding three senior judges.

♟️Again in 1977, M.U. Beg was appointed as the chief justice of India by superseding the then senior-most judge.

♟️This discretion of the government was curtailed by the Supreme Court in the Second Judges Case (1993), in which the Supreme Court ruled that the seniormost judge of the Supreme Court should alone be appointed to the office of the chief justice of India.

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*🛡️Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC)*

♟️Type- Ad-hoc Committee of the Indian Parliament.

♟️Purpose- To investigate specific subjects or Bills, often related to allegations of misconduct or national importance.

♟️Composition-
Members: Drawn from both Houses (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) and include both ruling and opposition parties.
Chairperson: Appointed by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.
Term: Dissolves after completing its assigned task.

♟️Functions-
Investigation: Collects evidence from experts, public bodies, and other stakeholders.
Recommendations: Advisory in nature.

♟️Notable Cases for which JPC was appointed:
Bofors Scandal (1987)
Harshad Mehta Scam (1992)
Ketan Parekh Scam (2001)
NRC (2016)
Personal Data Protection Bill (2019)

*🛡️Adjournment*

♟️A session of Parliament consists of many meetings. Each meeting of a day consists of two sittings, that is, a morning sitting from 11 am to 1 pm and post-lunch sitting from 2 pm to 6 pm.

♟️A sitting of Parliament can be terminated by adjournment or adjournment sine die or prorogation or dissolution (in the case of the Lok Sabha).

♟️An adjournment suspends the work in a sitting for a specified time, which may be hours, days or weeks.

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*🛡️Question Hour*

♟️The first hour of every parliamentary sitting is slotted for this.

♟️During this time, the members ask questions and the ministers usually give answers. The questions are of three kinds, namely, starred, unstarred and short notice.

♟️A starred question (distinguished by an asterisk) requires an oral answer and hence supplementary questions can follow.

♟️An unstarred question, on the other hand, requires a written answer and hence, supplementary questions cannot follow.

♟️A short notice question is one that is asked by giving a notice of less than ten days. It is answered orally.

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*🛡️Drafting Committee*

♟️Among all the committees of the Constituent Assembly, the most important committee was the Drafting Committee set up on August 29, 1947.

♟️This consisted of seven members. They were:

♟️Dr. B.R. Ambedkar (Chairman)

♟️N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar

♟️Alladi Krishnaswamy Ayyar

♟️Dr. K.M. Munshi

♟️Syed Mohammad Saadullah

♟️N. Madhava Rau (He replaced B.L.
Mitter who resigned due to ill-health)

♟️T.T. Krishnamachari (He replaced D.P. Khaitan who died in 1948)

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