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📌 *Committee Name -- Establishment Year -- Details*

✍ *Kapur Commission -- 1966* -- The Kapur Commission was a commission of inquiry of Mysore, India, into the murder conspiracy of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi.

✍ *Khosla Commission -- 1970* -- To re-investigate the death of Subhas Chandra Bose

✍ *Mandal Commission -- 1979* -- Mandal Commission was constituted in the year 1979 with the objective of "identification of socially or educationally backward class". This commission was headed by Indian B.P Mandal.

✍ *Mukherjee Commission -- 1959* -- To re-investigate the death of Subhas Chandra Bose

✍ *Narendran Commission -- 2000* -- Narendran Commission was an inquiry commission appointed by The Government of Kerala, India, in February 2000 to study and report on the adequacy or otherwise of representation for Backward Classes in the State public services.

✍ *National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution -- 2000* -- To suggest changes in electoral laws

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*🛡️Fast-track Courts*

♟️ *Purpose* Established to address the backlog of criminal cases, especially heinous crimes against women and children.
♟️ *Challenges:* Resource limitations, inefficient investigations, insufficient staff, and limited scope of jurisdiction.
♟️ *Performance* Despite initial increase in functional courts, many states struggle to maintain them due to financial and administrative constraints.
♟️Need for Reform: States must prioritize their operation, ensure necessary resources, improve investigations, and leverage technology.

*💎Visual Summary Analysis*

♟️Chart 1: Shows the increasing burden on the judiciary due to the rising number of criminal cases.
♟️Chart 2: Indicates the initial enthusiasm but subsequent decline in the establishment and maintenance of fast-track courts.
♟️Chart 3: Depicts the uneven distribution of functional courts across different states, highlighting the disparity in access to justice.

*🛡️Features Of Fundamental Duties*

♟️Some of them are moral duties while others are civic duties.

For instance, cherishing noble ideals of freedom struggle is a moral precept and respecting the Constitution, National Flag and National Anthem is a civic duty.

♟️They refer to such values which have been a part of the Indian tradition, mythology, religions and practices.

♟️Fundamental Duties are confined to citizens only and do not extend to
foreigners.

♟️Fundamental duties are non-justiciable. The Constitution does not provide for their direct enforcement by the courts.

🛡 *CENTRE-STATE ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONS*

*Article 256 —* Obligation of states and the Union

*Article 257 —* Control of the Union over states in certain cases

*Article 257A —* Assistance to States by deployment of armed forces or other forces of the Union (Repealed)

*Article 258 —* Power of the Union to confer powers, etc., on states in certain cases

*Article 258A —* Power of the states to entrust functions to the union.

*Article 259 —* Armed Forces in States in Part B of the First Schedule (Repealed)

*Article 260 —* Jurisdiction of the Union in relation to territories outside India

*🛡️Public Accounts Committee(PAC)*

♟️It is a financial parliamentary committee.
♟️It was set up first in 1921 under Government of India act 1919.
♟️It consists of 22 members (15-Lok Sabha , 7- Rajya Sabha). A minister cannot be its member.
♟️The term of office of the members is one year. The members are elected by the Parliament every  year from amongst its members.
♟️Its chairman is appointed by Speaker of LS.
♟️ *FUNCTION :*
To examine the annual audit reports of the CAG. CAG acts as a guide, friend, philosopher of the committee.

*♟️Limitations :*
It is not concerned with the questions of policy in broader sense.
♟️Its recommendations are advisory and not binding on the ministries.
♟️It conducts a post-mortem examination of accounts.

*🛡️Council of Ministers in states*

♟️In a Parliamentary form of government, the council of ministers headed by the Chief Minister is the executive authority.

♟️The states under the Indian constitution are organised on the pattern as that of
the centre.

♟️The Council of Ministers in the state is a replica of the council of Ministers at the centre.

♟️They resemble in formation, function and role in the administration.

♟️The constitution provides a broad and general view of the principles of Parliamentary system of Government in Article 163 and Article 164 .

♟️Council of ministers are there to aid and advise the Governor of the state in
various matters.

🛡️ *Article 12*

♟️It defines the term ‘state’ for the purposes of Part III.
♟️ *Article 12 and applicability on United Nation (UN)* The Delhi High Court has ruled earlier that the UN is not a State under Article 12 and hence cannot be brought under the jurisdiction.
♟️ *Article 12 and PM CARES fund* The Centre recently informed the Delhi High Court in a plea seeking to declare the fund a ‘state’ under Article 12 that:
♟️PM CARES Fund is set up as a public charitable trust and is not created under the Constitution or any law made by the Parliament or the state.

💎 *Judiciary under Article 12*

♟️ *Judicial & Non-Judicial Function* When the Judiciary is discharging Judicial functions, it is not regarded as a State whereas the non-judicial function brings it under the definition of ‘State’.

*💎Related Cases*

♟️ *Naresh Shridhar Mirajkar case (1966)* Judiciary should be put under the ambit of Article 12, otherwise the courts would be allowed to make rules which violate the fundamental rights of the citizens.
♟️ *Rupa Ashok Hurra v. Ashok Hurra case (2002)* Superior courts of justice do not fall within the ambit of ‘state’ or ‘other authorities’ under Article 12.
♟️ *Riju Prasad Sarmah Case (2015)* The court again held that when a court is acting in its judicial capacity, it cannot be regarded as a State. However, its administrative action is amenable to the writ jurisdiction.

Big Update for Rajasthan Judiciary Aspirants!

Rajasthan Judicial Services (RJS) Vacancy is expected to be out soon! If you are preparing for the RJS exam, this is the news you've been waiting for. In this video, we will discuss:

✅ Expected Vacancy Details

Link: https://youtube.com/live/qo5pvuXKxz4?feature=share

Don't miss this crucial update! Stay tuned till the end and make sure to Like, Share & Subscribe for more RJS exam-related news and guidance.

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