#تعديل
صفحة 8 التفريغ الاول مهارات

📌لما نفحص المريض نتاكد اولا من عدم استخدامه لل Dopamine Antagonist اذا ما بيستخدمها نبدا نفكر بالاسباب الاخرى سواء
adenoma or secondary causes.

#تعديل
صفحة 9 التفريغ الاول مهارات

زيادة الوزن بتكون معتمدة بشكل رئيسي على :
1⃣ The slower mtabolic rate
بسبب حرق السعرات بيكون اقل من الطبيعي

2⃣ Accumulation of salt and water


📌 Hypothyroidism ➡️ slower metabolism➡️ decrease appetite or maybe normal ➡️Gain weight

📌 Hyperthyroidism ➡️ increase the metabolism➡️ increase the appetite➡️ loose weight

#تعديل

صفحة 11 التفريغ الثاني مهارات

اذا ال patient ظهر عنده hypercalcemia و Hypoparathyroidism

فبنبحث في other causes of hypercalcemia :

🔺 ⬆️ PTHrp ➡️ diagnosis is hypercalcemia of malignancy.

🔺 ⬆️ 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D ➡️ diagnosis is lysis and granulomatous diseases .

🔺 ⬆️ 25-hydroxyvitamin D ➡️ diagnosis is vit D intoxication or milk alkali syndrome.

#تعديل

صفحة 14 المهارات التفريغ الثاني

#توضيح

الصفحة 6 التفريغ الثاني patho

📌حسب شرح الدكتور
تنصبغ بال Hematoxylin على اساس تكون Background
وبعدين نصبغها ب
S100- protein immunostain
عشان توضح ال sustentacular cell

⭕️ملخص ممتاز skills Endocrine ⭕️⭕️
For most proper diagnosis .....

منقول عن الدكتورة الاء
#تعديل

ال nerve supply للـthyroid بتكون :
Superior , middle , inferior

يعني مش بس middle , inferior .

منقول عن الدكتورة الاء
#تعديل

الnerve supply للـparathyroid بتكون :
Superior , middle فقط

ال inferior خطأ ❌.

📌منقول عن الدكتورة الاء :

الاختبار مافي صور ولا ارقام ولا الوان

الاسئلة بنفس صياغة الملف الي رسلتوه

📌ذولا المنشورات لاهم نقاط الاناتومي مروا عليها لتثبيت المعلومة 👇🏻

📌 *Hypothalamus*:

🔺 *Embryology*:
🔹 neuroectoderm ( ventral part of diencephalon)
🔹start at 4th to 5th week
🔹end at 3rd month.

🔺 *location* :
🔹in diencephalon ( form floor and part of wall of 3rd ventricle)
🔹below the thalamus and 3rd ventricle
🔹above the pituitary gland.
🔹behind optic chiasm
🔹in front of mammillary body.

🔺 *Arterial supply*:
🔹 ACA and ant. communicating a.( from I.C.A)➡️ant. hypothalamus.

🔹post. communicating a. ( from I.C.A)➡️Tuberal and mammillary
🔹PCA( from basilar a.) ➡️post. hypothalamus.

🔺 *venous drainage* :
1️⃣cavernous sinus
2️⃣basal vien
3️⃣great cerebral vien ( of galen)


🔺 *nerve supply* ( connection):
🔹Afferent ➡️from
1️⃣limbic system ( fornix) ➡️emotions.
2️⃣amygdala
3️⃣retina➡️circadian rhythm
4️⃣visceral center➡️autonomic feedback

🔹Efferent :to
1️⃣spinal cord and brain stem ➡️autonomic regulation
2️⃣pituitary (via infundibulum)➡️hormonal control .
🔹autonomic pathways by:
✨descending fiber to spinal cord and brain stem

🔺lymphatic drainage:
1️⃣CSF
2️⃣glymphatic channel ➡️deep cervical LNs.

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#Anatomy_endocrine
LAB_section 

             ✨القناة_العلمية_دفعـ➑ـة✨
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📌 *pituitary gland*:

🔺 *Embryology*:
🔹 ant. lobe ➡️oral ectoderm.
🔹post. lobe ➡️neuroectoderm.

🔺Location:
🔹Hypophyseal fossa( Sella turcica of sphenoid)
🔹covered by diaphragma sellae ( *dura* mater ).

🔹bellow optic chiasm.
🔹above sphenoid air sinus.
🔹in front of dorsum sellae.
🔹between cavernous sinus and its contents.

🔺 *Arterial supply*: from I.C.A.
🔹sup. hypophyseal a.➡️
1️⃣ant. lobe.
2️⃣infundibulum.
3️⃣median eminence.

🔹Post. hypophyseal a. ➡️post. lobe.

🔺 *Venous drainage* :
1️⃣cavernous sinus.
2️⃣basal viens.
3️⃣hypophyseal veins.

🔺 *Lymphatic drainage*:
1️⃣ meningeal lymphatic vessels
2️⃣glymphatic channels ➡️deep cervical LNs.

🔺 *Nerve supply*:
🔹post. lobe ➡️hypothalamic neurosecretory fibers.
🔹ant. ➡️hormonal control

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#Anatomy_endocrine
LAB_section 

             ✨القناة_العلمية_دفعـ➑ـة✨
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📌 Thyroid gland:

🔺 Embryology:
🔹 Endoderm (median thyroglossal duct) ➡️follicular cells.
🔹Neural crest ➡️C-cell.

🔺Location:
🔹 Anterior of the neck, opposite C5-T1.
🔹 Isthmus crosses 2nd - 4th tracheal rings.

🔺Relations:
🔹 Anterolatral ➡️ sternothyroid, superior belly of the omohyoid, sternohyoid, and sternoclediomastoid.
🔹Posterolateral ➡️ parathyroid and carotid sheath, containing the common carotid artey, internal jugular vein and vagus nerve
🔹 Medial ➡️ larynx, pharynx, trachea, oesophagus, external laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal

🔺 Arterial supply:
1️⃣ Sup. Thyroid artery ➡️ from external carotid artery ➡️ supplies upper part.
2️⃣ Inf. Thyroid artery ➡️ from thyrocervical trunk (subclavin a.) ➡️ supplies lower part.
3️⃣ Thyroidea ima artery "in some people" ➡️ from brachiocephalic trunk or aorta ➡️ supplies Isthmus.


🔺 Venous drainage:
1️⃣ Sup. Thyroid vien ➡️ drains to internal jugular vien.
2️⃣ Middle Thyroid vien ➡️ drains to internal jugular vien.
3️⃣ Inf. Thyroid vien ➡️ drains to brachiocephalic vien.

🔺 Nerve supply:
🔹Sympathetic ➡️ Superior &Middle & Inferior cervical ganglia "vasoconstraction".
🔹Parasympathetic ➡️ Vagus nerve (indirectly) through [ superior+ recurrent laryngeal N. ]"secration".

🔺 Lymphatic drainage:
1️⃣ Upper part ➡️ prelaryngeal & upper deep cervical nodes.
2️⃣ lower part ➡️ pretracheal & lower deep cervical nodes.
3⃣ Isthmus ➡️ pretracheal & paratracheal nodes.


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#Anatomy_endocrine
LAB_section 

             ✨القناة_العلمية_دفعـ➑ـة✨
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📌 Parathyroid gland:

🔺 Embryology: endodermal orgin
🔹 Sup. Parathyroid gland ➡️ 4th pharyngeal pouch.
🔹Inf. Parathyroid gland ➡️ 3th pharyngeal pouch.

🔺Location:
🔹On posterior surface of thyroid gland.


🔺 Arterial supply:
🔹Mainly Inf. Thyroid artery.
🔹Sup. thyroid artery May contribute to superior glands.


🔺 Venous drainage:
🔹Thyroid venous plexus ➡️ internal jugular and brachiocephalic vien.

🔺 Nerve supply:
🔹Superior & Middle cervical ganglia "vasomotor only ".
"Secration regulate by Ca level".


🔺 Lymphatic drainage:
🔹 Deep cervical, pretracheal & paratracheal nodes.


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#Anatomy_endocrine
LAB_section 

             ✨القناة_العلمية_دفعـ➑ـة✨
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📌Pineal gland:

🔺Location :
in the epithalamus ( part of diencephalon)
🔹Superior ➡️ corpus callosum
🔹Inferior ➡️Superior colliculi
🔹behind the 3rd ventricle attached to its roof
📍coverd by pia mater and divide the gland to lobules


🔺Arterial supply :
Mainly from post. Chorodial branchs ➡️ post. Cerebral artery

🔺Venous drainage:
Internal cerebral vein ➡️ the great cerebral vein (of Galen)

🔺Nerve supply:
Superior cervical ganglion (centralpathway)

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#Anatomy_endocrine
LAB_section 

             ✨القناة_العلمية_دفعـ➑ـة✨
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📌 Thymus Gland

🔺Location :
🔹Superior and anterior part of the mediastinum
🔹Behind the sternum
🔹In front of great heart vessels

📍In children extend into the neck
Behind 1⃣ sternohyoid m.
2⃣ sternothyroid m.
📍In adult atrophies and replaced by fatty tissue - remain functional- .


📍The tow lobes connected by connective tissue and coverd by thin connective tissue capsule send the septa to divide the gland .

🔺Arterial supply:
Inferior Thyroid artery ➡️ internal thoracic artery

🔺Venous drainage:
1⃣ Left brachiocephalic vein .
2⃣ Internal thoracic veins .
3⃣ Inferior thyroid veins .

🔺Nerve supply :
1⃣ Vagus N.
2⃣ Sympathetic ➡️ cervical sympathetic chain
📍Mainly Vasomotor (no secretory innervation )

🔺Lymphatic drainage :
1⃣ Tracheobronchial
2⃣ Brachiocephalic
3⃣ Parasterna

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#Anatomy_endocrine
LAB_section 

             ✨القناة_العلمية_دفعـ➑ـة✨
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📌 Suprarenal Gland

🔺Embryology:
📍Cortex ➡️ Derived from mesoderm
📍Medulla➡️ Derived from neural crest (ectoderm)

🔺Location :
🔹Upper pole of the kidney within the perirenal fat
🔹Enclosed by renal fascia (Gerota's fascia )
🔹Separated from kidney by thin septum of connective tissue.
🔹Opposite T12 -L1 vertebrae

🔺Relation :
💡Right Suprarenal Gland :
🔹Triangular shape
🔹Behind the inferior vena cava
🔹Ant.➡️ liver + inferior vena cava
🔹Post.➡️ diaphragm

💡Left Suprarenal Gland :
🔹Crescent shape
🔹Medial to upper pole of left kidney
🔹Ant.➡️ stomach + pancreas
(splenic artery run between them )
🔹Post.➡️ diaphragm


🔺Arterial supply :
1⃣Superior suprarenal artery ➡️from inferior phrenic artery
2⃣Middle suprarenal artery ➡️from abdominal aorta
3⃣Inferior suprarenal artery ➡️ from renal artery

🔺Venous drainage :
📍Right suprarenal vein ➡️drains directly into inferior vena cava
📍Left suprarenal vein ➡️drains into left renal vein

🔺Nerve supply :
Preganglionic sympathetic fibers (T10–L1) directly innervate chromaffin cells in the medulla.
( act like postganglionic neurons)

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#Anatomy_endocrine
LAB_section 

             ✨القناة_العلمية_دفعـ➑ـة✨
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📌 Pancreas :

🔺Location :
🔹Retroperitoneal
🔹Lies obliquely across the posterior abdominal wall, behind the stomach, between the duodenum (right) and the spleen (left).
🔹level ➡️ roughly L1–L2 vertebrae (transpyloric plane)


🔺Relation :
🔹Ant.➡️ stomach (separated by lesser sac).
🔹Post.➡️ aorta + left kidney + left suprarenal gland + splenic vein.
🔹Inferior ➡️ duodenojejunal flexure and coils of jejunum


🔺Arterial supply :
1⃣ Splenic artery (main supply to body and tail).
2⃣ Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery from ➡️ gastroduodenal artery.
3⃣ Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery from ➡️ superior mesenteric artery.

🔺Venous drainage :
🔹splenic vein to ➡️ Portal vein

🔺Nerve supply :
🔹Sympathetic fibers from ➡️ Celiac and superior mesenteric plexuses.
🔹Parasympathetic fibers from ➡️ vagus nerve.

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#Anatomy_endocrine
LAB_section 

             ✨القناة_العلمية_دفعـ➑ـة✨
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بس توضيح بسيط لهذا السلايد

📌لو جاء السؤال في الاختبار الاجابة الصحيحة S100- protein immunostain فقط
عشان توضح ال sustentacular cell
والتشخيص بيعتمد عليها

اما ال Hematoxylin فقط من خطوات صبغ السلايد