은/는(eun/neun) vs 이/가(i/ga)

When it’s a negative sentence with verb ‘to be’ (아닙니다 or 아니에요 i.e. is/am/are + not), you always have to use 이/가 with the preceding noun.

Ex:
이것은 책이 아니에요.
i-geos-eum chaeg-i ani-eyo.
This is not a book.
If you are using 있다/없다 (have/none) you should always use 이/가 with the noun before it.
Ex:
i) 펜이 있어요?  
pen-i isseoyo?
Do you have a pen?

ii) 저는 내일 시간이 없어요.
jeoneun naeil sigan-i eobseoyo.
I don't have time tomorrow.
Generally when there are two nouns in a sentence and a descriptive verb (or adjective) has been used, use 은/는 with the first noun and 이/가 with the second.

Ex:
i)오늘은 날씨가 좋아요.
oneul-eun nalssiga joh-ayo.
The weather is nice today.

ii)이 식당은 음식이 맛있어요.
i sigdang-eun eumsig-i masisseoyo.
This restaurant is delicious.
When you want to show contrast or emphasise a noun, you should use 은/는.

For example:
품질이 좋은데 가격은 너무 비싸요.
pomjil-i joh-eunde gagyeog-eun neomu bissayo.
The quality is good but the price is too expensive.

에/에서 (Adverbial)

*에*(e)

This can be translated to at(time) or to(place) and can be both a time marker and location marker. It is used as a time marker for specific times (months, days, times) and is used as a location marker when there is movement to the location (going to, coming to, returning to). It is not used with unspecific times like tonight, today, yesterday, tomorrow, right now/now/just now, this morning, etc.

Note that it is not AT this place. That is what 에서 is. It only translates to at when paired with time.

Example Sentences (location):

오늘은 학교에 안 갔어요.
oneul-eun hagyo-e an gasseoyo.
Today, I did not go to school.

오늘- Today

은- subject marker. Stressing that TODAY the speaker did not go to school, but maybe they usually do go to school. Using 이/가 might change the sentence to "I did not go to school today" where it is just an observation or fact stated, not really trying to stress the Today. For more information on 은/는 and 이/가, check here!

학교- school
에- to
안- not
갔어요- did go

언니가 내일 서울에 와요.
eonni-ga naeil seoul-e wago.
Tomorrow eonni (big sister) is coming to Seoul.

언니- big sister or just a title for any girl who is older than you (if you're also a girl) who is not too much older than you that they can't be considered a "big sister."

가- Subject marker

내일- tomorrow
서울- Seoul

에- location marker (to)
와요- comes/coming/ is coming (present tense of the verb come)

Note that you don't say "At today, I did not go to school" or "At tomorrow, big sister is coming to Seoul" because it doesn't make sense. That is why 에 is only use in terms of time for specific times.

Example Sentences (time):

11시30분에 친구를 만나요.
11si30bun-e chingu-leul mannayo.
I am meeting a friend at 11:30.

11시30분- 11:30. 시(si) means hour and 분(bun) means minutes.

에- time marker (at)

친구- friend

를- object marker

만나요(mannayo)- meets/meeting/am meeting (present tense of the verb meet).

*에서* (e-seo)

This translates to at, in, or from. It expresses where a verb is taking place. It means from when used with a moving verb.

Example Sentence (from):

저는 미국에서 왔어요.
jeoneun migug-eseo wasseoyo.
I come from America.

저 (jeo)- I

는(neun)- Subject marker

미국(migug)- America

에서- Location marker (from when paired with a motion action like below)

왔어요(wasseoyo)- came, did come (past tense of the verb come)

우리가 카페에서 커피를 마셔요.
uli-ga kape-eseo geopi-leul masyeoyo.
We drink coffee at the Cafe.

우리(uli)- We

가(ga)- subject marker

카페(kape)- cafe

에서- at

커피(keopi)- coffee

를- Object marker

마셔요(masyeoyo)- drink, drinking, is drinking (present tense conjugation of the verb to drink.)

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-(으)ㄹ까 보다 (i am worried about/that)

This form is attached to a verb and indicates the speakers is conjecture or intentions concerning the action or condition being talked about.

-(으)ㄹ까 봐(서) is formed by attaching -아서 to -(으)ㄹ까 보다. It shows that the action in the second clause is done because of fears about the action or condition in the first clause.
"is thinking of doing, maybe i'll ... " usually first person -(으)ㄹ까 봐(서) : for fear ... ; for fear thay ... ; (afraid/concerned) that ...

Structure :
A/V (으)ㄹ까 봐(서)

Example :
1) 늦었는데 택시를 탈까 보다.
neuj-eossneunde taegsi-leul talgga buda.
It is late so i'm thinking of taking a taxi.

2) 남어질까 봐 손을 잡고 겄어요.
nam-eojilgga bwa noneul jabgo geosseoyo.
It looked like he might fall so i help his hand and go.

3) 아까 그 방에서 한잠 잘까 봐요.
agga geu bang-eseo hanjam jalgga bwayo.
I think i'll have a nap in that room.
(you just showed me).

Do you speak English? = Yeong ho haseyo?

i’m wondering = Hoksi

Do you have = it Soyo

Do you have tissue? = Hwa Jang ji it soyo

Do you have water? = Mool it soyo

Right = u leun jok

Left = wen jok

pls give me = Juseyo

pls give me tissue = Hwa Jang ji Juseyo

it’s delicious (food) = Mal shit soyo

Please help me = Dowa Juseyo

Where am I? = Yo go oh di aeyo?

I love you = Saranghae or Saranghaeyo

Shut up = Dak cho!

Time = Shigan

Do you have time? = Shigan it soyo

where should I catch a taxi? = Taek shi o di so ta yo

There = Jo gi

Here = Yo gi

Please hurry up = So dul lo juseyo

How much is it = Yo guem ol ma yeyo

-고 싶다 [-go sip-da] (would like... i want...)

Used to indicate the desire of the subject and is used with action verbs and 있다. This pattern -고 싶다 is used with the first person statements and second person questions. -고 싶다 is always attached directly to the end of verb stems.

Note that tense and negation are expressed in the verb 싶다:

example sentence:
피자를 먹고 싶어요.
[pija-leul meog-go sip-eo-yo]
(I) wanted to eat Pizza.

Other Example :
1) 사과를 사고 싶어요.
[sagwa-leul sago sip-eo-yo]
(I) would like to buy an Apple.

2) 저는 한국어를 배우고 싶어요.
[jeo-neun hangug-eo-leul bae-u-go sipeo-yo]
(I) want to study Korean.

3) 어디에 가고 싶으세요 ?
[eodi-e gago sip-eu-se-yo ?]
Where would (you) like to go ?

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