🔴ADR🔴

📌TERATOGENICITY :-
🔹️Teratology-It is the study of environmentally induced congenital malformations.Congenital malformations are non-reversible functional or morphological defects present at birth.They may not be detectable at birth and only become evident later in life.
🔹️A teratogen is an agent which by acting on the developing embryo or fetus can cause a structural anomaly.
•To date,very few drugs are proven teratogens.However malformations induced by drugs are important because they are potentially preventable.
🔹️Teratogenesis-It is a prenatal toxicity characterized by structural or functional defects in developing embryo or fetus.It also includes intrauterine growth retardation,death of the embryo or fetus and transplacental carcinogenesis(in which chemical exposure of the mother initiates cancer development in the embryo or fetus,resulting in cancer in the progeny after the birth).

🔴ADR🔴

🔷️Intolerance:-
•Appearance of characteristic toxic effects of a drug in an individual at therapeutic doses.
•Converse of tolerance.
•Indicates a low threshold of individual.

✅E.g:-
•Triflupromazine(Single dose)---->Muscular dystonias in some individuals.
•Carbamazepine(Few doses)---->Ataxia in some individuals.
•Chloroquine(Single tablet)---->Vomiting and abdominal pain in some individuals.

🔴DEFINITION

🔶skin moisturizers =

Moisturizer or moisturiser is a cosmetic preparation used for protecting, moisturizing, and lubricating the skin.

🔶Lipstick =

Lipstick is a cosmetic product containing pigments , oils , waxes and emollients that apply color , texture and protection to lips.

🔴DEFINITION

🔶Cosmetics =

superficial measures to make something appear better, more attractive, or more impressive.

🔶Cosmetic preparations=

(excluding soap) that are applied to the human body for beautifying, preserving, or altering the appearance or for cleansing, colouring, conditioning, or protecting the skin, hair, nails, lips, eyes, or teeth.

🔶Shampoo=
It is a preparation of a surfactant in a suitable form–liquid,solid or powder–which when used under the specified conditions will remove surface grease, dirt, and skin debris from the hair shaft and scalp without adversely affecting the user.

🔴 Classification

🟢Types and classes of Tablets

🔺ORAL TABLETS FOR
INGESTION

1.Compressed Tablets or
Standard Compressed Tablets
(CT)

2.Multiple Compressed
Tablets(MCT)

🔸l.Layered Tablets

🔸ll.Compression-coated
Tablets

3.Chewable Tablets

4.Sugar and Chocolate-coated
Tablets

5.Film coated Tablets

6.Repeat-action Tablets

7.Delayed-action Tablets

🔺TABLETS USED IN ORAL
CAVITY

1.Buccal and Sublingual Tablets

2.Troches and Lozenges

3.Dental cones

🔺TABLETS ADMINISTERED BY
OTHER ROUTES

1.Implantation Tablets

2.Vaginal Tablets

🔺TABLETS USED TO PREPARE
SOLUTION

1.Effervescent Tablets

2.Dispensing Tablets(DT)

3.Hypodermic Tablets (HT)

4.Tablet Triturates (TT)

🔴 Classification

👉Pharmaceutical Capsules

🔺1.Hard Gelatin Capsules

Hard-shelled capsules, which contain dry, powdered ingredients or miniature pellets made by e.g. processes of extrusion or spheronization. ...

🔺2. Soft Gelatin Capsules

Soft-shelled capsules, primarily used for oils and for active ingredients that are dissolved or suspended in oil.

🔺3. Alternative Capsules

These are new type of capsules but here Gelatin is replaced by Plant materials .

🔸a. Hydroxypropyl Methyl
cellulose(HPMC) Capsules

🔸b. Starch Capsules

🔸c. Crosslinked Dextran
Capsules

🔴MECHANISM

📌NUCLEAR RECEPTOR

▪Nuclear receptors are central to the regulation of development, endocrine signalling and metabolism.
▪ The transcriptional activity of many receptors is controlled through the binding of small, fat-soluble molecules to the ligand-binding domain.
▪ In most cases, ligand binding turns the receptors into potent activators of transcription.
▪ This switch involves the exchange of co-regulator proteins that mediate transcriptional regulation.
▪ Structural and biochemical studies have together revealed the mechanism of action of this ligand-induced molecular switch, in which changes in the dynamic behaviour of the receptor play a key role. ▪This remarkable dynamic mechanism has facilitated the evolution of a family of nuclear receptors with highly diverse ligand recognition and signalling properties.

🔸EXAMPLES
1.Glucocorticoid
2.Mineralocorticoid
3.Estrogen
4.Progesterone
5.Androgen
6.Vit A and VitD
7.Thyroid Harmone receptor