🔴 DEFINITION

Monophasic liquid =

Monophasic liquid containing two or more components in one phase system.

🔴 DEFINITION

Biphasic liquid =

The liquid which consist of two phases are known as biphasic liquids.
For ex. Emulation , suspension

🔴 DEFINITION

Suspension =

Suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which the solute particles do not dissolve, but get suspended throughout the bulk of the solvent, left floating around freely in the medium.

🔴 DEFINITION

Flocculated System =

The system in which supernatant quickly becomes clear due to rapid rate of sedimentation.

🔴 DEFINITION

Deflocculated System =

The system in which supernatant will remain cloudy due to slow rate of sedimentation.

🔴Classification of Pharmaceutical Suspensions

🔺1. Based on General Classes

 Oral suspension

 Externally applied suspension

 Parenteral suspension

🔺2. Based on Proportion of Solid Particles

 Dilute suspension (2 to10%w/v solid)

 Concentrated suspension (50%w/v solid)

🔺3. Based on Electro Kinetic Nature of Solid

 Particles

 Flocculated suspension

 Deflocculated suspension

🔺4. Based on Size of Solid Particles

 Colloidal suspension (< 1 micron)

 Coarse suspension (>1 micron)

 Nano suspension (10 ng)

🔴RECEPTORS

🔵TYPES OF RECEPTORS
🔸ION CHANNEL RECEPTORS(Ligand gated ion channel)
🔸G-PROTEN COUPLED RECEPTORS (GPCR'S)
🔸ENZYME LINKED RECEPTORS
🔸NUCLEAR RECEPTORS

📌ION CHANNEL RECEPTORS

♦️MECHANISM :

▪ Ligand-gated ion channels are integral membrane proteins that contain a pore which allows the regulated flow of selected ions across the plasma membrane.
▪Ion flux is passive and driven by the electrochemical gradient for the permeant ions.
▪ The channels are opened, or gated, by the binding of a neurotransmitter to an orthosteric site(s) that triggers a conformational change that results in the conducting state.
▪ Modulation of gating can occur by the binding of endogenous, or exogenous, modulators to allosteric sites.
It mediate fast synaptic transmission, on a millisecond time scale, in the nervous system and at the somatic neuromuscular junction..
▪Such transmission involves the release of a neurotransmitter from a pre-synaptic neurone and the subsequent activation of post-synaptically located receptors that mediate a rapid, phasic, electrical signal (the excitatory, or inhibitory, post-synaptic potential).

EXAMPLES
1. Nicotinic Receptor-Nm, Nn
2.5HT3 Receptor
3.GABA-A Receptor
4.NMDA Receptor

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🔴Definitions:

🔸Emulsions:
-They are biphasic liquid systems consisting of two immiscible liquid phases. These phases are present in such as way that one phase is dispersed in the other continuous phase. Emulsions are part of a more general class of two-phase systems of matter called colloids.

🔸Flocculation :
-When the particles or droplets of the dispersed phase aggregate together on account of attractive forces, the phenomenon is known as flocculation and results in an unstable system. Flocculation is mainly observed in case of oil in water type of emulsions.

🔸Coalescence :
-When the droplets of discontinuous phase bump into each other to form a larger droplet thus increasing the average particle size over time, it is known as coalescence which is a form of instability.

🔸Creaming :
-When the droplets in an emulsion rise to the top of the emulsion under the influence of buoyancy or centripetal force, it results in the creaming of emulsion.

🔸Ostwald Ripening:
-It describes the change of an inhomogeneous structure over time, i.e., small crystals or sol particles dissolve and redeposit onto larger crystals or sol particles. Ostwald ripening is generally found in water-in-oil emulsions.