An alternative definition of this dosage form includes:
Pharmaceutical aerosols are products that are packaged under pressure and contain therapeutically active ingredients that are released upon actuation of an appropriate valve system. They are intended for topical application to the skin as well as local application into the nose (nasal aerosols), mouth (lingual aerosols) or lungs (inhalation aerosols).
Pharmaceutical aerosols are products that are packaged under pressure and contain therapeutically active ingredients that are released upon actuation of an appropriate valve system. They are intended for topical application to the skin as well as local application into the nose (nasal aerosols), mouth (lingual aerosols) or lungs (inhalation aerosols).
🗝
🔴Binding of drugs to receptors🔴
📌•Binding of drugs to receptors necessarily obeys the Law of Mass Action.
📌 •At equilibrium, receptor occupancy is related to drug concentration by the Hill–Langmuir equation
📌•The higher the affinity of the drug for the receptor, the lower the concentration at which it produces a given level of occupancy.
📌•The same principles apply when two or more drugs compete for the same receptors; each has the effect of reducing the apparent affinity for the other.
🔴Binding of drugs to receptors🔴
📌•Binding of drugs to receptors necessarily obeys the Law of Mass Action.
📌 •At equilibrium, receptor occupancy is related to drug concentration by the Hill–Langmuir equation
📌•The higher the affinity of the drug for the receptor, the lower the concentration at which it produces a given level of occupancy.
📌•The same principles apply when two or more drugs compete for the same receptors; each has the effect of reducing the apparent affinity for the other.
MCQ NO.661 | Biochemistry
Cellular respiration is an example of
Cellular respiration is an example of
Anonymous Quiz
27%
Endergonic Reaction
48%
Oxidation Reaction
23%
Exergonic Reaction
2%
None of these
MCQ NO.662 | Biochemistry
A compound which is found in all living cells and play key role in energy transformation is..
A compound which is found in all living cells and play key role in energy transformation is..
Anonymous Quiz
12%
ADP
77%
ATP
11%
Chlorophyll
1%
Granum
MCQ NO.663 | Biochemistry
Proteins are polymer of..
Proteins are polymer of..
Anonymous Quiz
55%
L- alpha Amino acid
22%
L- beta Amino acid
19%
D- alpha Amino acid
4%
D- beta Amino acid
MCQ NO.664 | Biochemistry
Cytochrome oxidase are example of..
Cytochrome oxidase are example of..
Anonymous Quiz
23%
Oxygenase
34%
Oxidases
23%
Dehydrogenase
20%
Oxidoreductase
MCQ NO.665 | Biochemistry
There are about _____ types of specialised cells om Human body.
There are about _____ types of specialised cells om Human body.
Anonymous Quiz
29%
250
40%
350
21%
450
10%
550
MCQ NO.666 | P. Engeenering
When principle of conservation of energy is applied to flow of fluids then resulting equation is known as..
When principle of conservation of energy is applied to flow of fluids then resulting equation is known as..
Anonymous Quiz
25%
Reynolds number
57%
Bernoulli’s theorem
14%
Hagen-Poiseuille’s equation
4%
Kick’s theory
MCQ NO.667 | P. Engeenering
Region between 2100-4000 for Reynolds number is known as..
Region between 2100-4000 for Reynolds number is known as..
Anonymous Quiz
42%
Turbulent region
40%
Laminar region
9%
Safe region
10%
Critical region
MCQ NO.668 | P. Engineering
In Bernoulli’s theorem the Potential energy is also known as..
In Bernoulli’s theorem the Potential energy is also known as..
Anonymous Quiz
21%
Resonance energy
35%
kinetic energy
22%
Thermal energy
21%
Datum energy
MCQ NO.669 | P. Engineering
Which of the following is not a type of energy loss?
Which of the following is not a type of energy loss?
Anonymous Quiz
14%
Friction losses
29%
Enlargement losses
30%
Resistance losses
27%
Losses in fittings
MCQ NO.670 | P. Engineering
Bernoulli’s theorem state that the pressure energy, kinetic energy, datum energy at any point of the fluids is…
Bernoulli’s theorem state that the pressure energy, kinetic energy, datum energy at any point of the fluids is…
Anonymous Quiz
17%
High
72%
Constant
9%
Low
3%
None of above
🔴 DEFINITION
Monophasic liquid =
Monophasic liquid containing two or more components in one phase system.
Monophasic liquid =
Monophasic liquid containing two or more components in one phase system.
🔴 DEFINITION
Biphasic liquid =
The liquid which consist of two phases are known as biphasic liquids.
For ex. Emulation , suspension
Biphasic liquid =
The liquid which consist of two phases are known as biphasic liquids.
For ex. Emulation , suspension
🔴 DEFINITION
Suspension =
Suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which the solute particles do not dissolve, but get suspended throughout the bulk of the solvent, left floating around freely in the medium.
Suspension =
Suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which the solute particles do not dissolve, but get suspended throughout the bulk of the solvent, left floating around freely in the medium.
🔴 DEFINITION
Flocculated System =
The system in which supernatant quickly becomes clear due to rapid rate of sedimentation.
Flocculated System =
The system in which supernatant quickly becomes clear due to rapid rate of sedimentation.
🔴 DEFINITION
Deflocculated System =
The system in which supernatant will remain cloudy due to slow rate of sedimentation.
Deflocculated System =
The system in which supernatant will remain cloudy due to slow rate of sedimentation.
🔴Classification of Pharmaceutical Suspensions
🔺1. Based on General Classes
Oral suspension
Externally applied suspension
Parenteral suspension
🔺2. Based on Proportion of Solid Particles
Dilute suspension (2 to10%w/v solid)
Concentrated suspension (50%w/v solid)
🔺3. Based on Electro Kinetic Nature of Solid
Particles
Flocculated suspension
Deflocculated suspension
🔺4. Based on Size of Solid Particles
Colloidal suspension (< 1 micron)
Coarse suspension (>1 micron)
Nano suspension (10 ng)
🔺1. Based on General Classes
Oral suspension
Externally applied suspension
Parenteral suspension
🔺2. Based on Proportion of Solid Particles
Dilute suspension (2 to10%w/v solid)
Concentrated suspension (50%w/v solid)
🔺3. Based on Electro Kinetic Nature of Solid
Particles
Flocculated suspension
Deflocculated suspension
🔺4. Based on Size of Solid Particles
Colloidal suspension (< 1 micron)
Coarse suspension (>1 micron)
Nano suspension (10 ng)
🔴RECEPTORS
🔵TYPES OF RECEPTORS
🔸ION CHANNEL RECEPTORS(Ligand gated ion channel)
🔸G-PROTEN COUPLED RECEPTORS (GPCR'S)
🔸ENZYME LINKED RECEPTORS
🔸NUCLEAR RECEPTORS
📌ION CHANNEL RECEPTORS
♦️MECHANISM :
▪ Ligand-gated ion channels are integral membrane proteins that contain a pore which allows the regulated flow of selected ions across the plasma membrane.
▪Ion flux is passive and driven by the electrochemical gradient for the permeant ions.
▪ The channels are opened, or gated, by the binding of a neurotransmitter to an orthosteric site(s) that triggers a conformational change that results in the conducting state.
▪ Modulation of gating can occur by the binding of endogenous, or exogenous, modulators to allosteric sites.
It mediate fast synaptic transmission, on a millisecond time scale, in the nervous system and at the somatic neuromuscular junction..
▪Such transmission involves the release of a neurotransmitter from a pre-synaptic neurone and the subsequent activation of post-synaptically located receptors that mediate a rapid, phasic, electrical signal (the excitatory, or inhibitory, post-synaptic potential).
EXAMPLES
1. Nicotinic Receptor-Nm, Nn
2.5HT3 Receptor
3.GABA-A Receptor
4.NMDA Receptor
🔵TYPES OF RECEPTORS
🔸ION CHANNEL RECEPTORS(Ligand gated ion channel)
🔸G-PROTEN COUPLED RECEPTORS (GPCR'S)
🔸ENZYME LINKED RECEPTORS
🔸NUCLEAR RECEPTORS
📌ION CHANNEL RECEPTORS
♦️MECHANISM :
▪ Ligand-gated ion channels are integral membrane proteins that contain a pore which allows the regulated flow of selected ions across the plasma membrane.
▪Ion flux is passive and driven by the electrochemical gradient for the permeant ions.
▪ The channels are opened, or gated, by the binding of a neurotransmitter to an orthosteric site(s) that triggers a conformational change that results in the conducting state.
▪ Modulation of gating can occur by the binding of endogenous, or exogenous, modulators to allosteric sites.
It mediate fast synaptic transmission, on a millisecond time scale, in the nervous system and at the somatic neuromuscular junction..
▪Such transmission involves the release of a neurotransmitter from a pre-synaptic neurone and the subsequent activation of post-synaptically located receptors that mediate a rapid, phasic, electrical signal (the excitatory, or inhibitory, post-synaptic potential).
EXAMPLES
1. Nicotinic Receptor-Nm, Nn
2.5HT3 Receptor
3.GABA-A Receptor
4.NMDA Receptor