🔴 DEFINITION
Boyle's law =
For a given mass of a gas at constant temperature (T) the pressure (P) is inversely proportional to the volume.
Boyle's law =
For a given mass of a gas at constant temperature (T) the pressure (P) is inversely proportional to the volume.
🔴 DEFINITION
Actuator =
It is the component of the aerosol system which is used to opening the valve and producing required type of discharge.
Actuator =
It is the component of the aerosol system which is used to opening the valve and producing required type of discharge.
🔴DEFINITION
Liquefaction =
It is the process of converting of gases into liquid.
Liquefaction =
It is the process of converting of gases into liquid.
🔴 CLASSIFICATION
Propellants used in Pharmaceutical Aerosols:
🔺1. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Trichloromonofluoromethane
Dichlorodifluoromethane
Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
🔺2. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons
(HCFCs)
Difluoroethane
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
Tetrafluoroethane
Heptafluoropropane
🔺3.Hydrocarbons (HCs)
Butane
Isobutane
Propane
Hydrocarbon Ethers (HEs)
Dimethyl ether
🔺4.Compressed gases (CGs)
Carbon dioxide
Nitrous oxide
Nitrogen
Propellants used in Pharmaceutical Aerosols:
🔺1. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Trichloromonofluoromethane
Dichlorodifluoromethane
Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
🔺2. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons
(HCFCs)
Difluoroethane
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
Tetrafluoroethane
Heptafluoropropane
🔺3.Hydrocarbons (HCs)
Butane
Isobutane
Propane
Hydrocarbon Ethers (HEs)
Dimethyl ether
🔺4.Compressed gases (CGs)
Carbon dioxide
Nitrous oxide
Nitrogen
Aerosols
-The term aerosol is used to denote various systems ranging from those of a colloidal nature to systems consisting of pressurized packages.
-Aerosols have been defined as colloidal systems consisting of very finely subdivided liquid or solid particles dispersed in and surrounded by a gas.
-Originally, the term aerosol referred to liquid or solid particles having a specific size range, but this concept has fallen into disuse.
-The present-day definition refers to those products that depend upon the power of a liquefied or compressed gas to dispense the active ingredient(s) in a finely dispersed spray, foam, or semisolid.
-Topical pharmaceutical aerosols can be formulated as:
•spray
•foam
•semisolid
and can be used to deliver therapeutic agents topically to the skin surface, rectally, and vaginally.
-They consist of a liquid, emulsion, or semisolid concentrate and liquefied gas or compressed gas propellant.
-Many therapeutically active ingredients have been administered or applied to the body by means of the aerosol dosage form.
-In 1978, the use of certain chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) was curtailed by the FDA, EPA, and CPSC. These restrictions ap- plied to the use of Propellants 11, 12, and 114 (CFCs) for use in all aerosol products.
MODE OF OPERATION
1. Liquefied-Gas Systems
-Liquefied gases have been used widely as propellants for most aerosol products.
-Types of system:
a. TWO-PHASE SYSTEM
-This is the simplest of all aerosol systems. It consists of a solution or a suspension of active ingredients in liquid propellant or a mixture of liquid propellant and solvent.
b. THREE-PHASE SYSTEM
-This system is useful for topical pharmaceutical aerosols in that it allows a greater use of liquid components not miscible with the propellants.
2. Compressed-Gas Aerosols
-Aerosols using compressed gases as the propellant are finding increased use. These propellants, especially nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide, are acceptable for use with pharmaceuticals.
3. Barrier-Type Systems
-These systems separate the propellant from the product itself. The pressure on the outside of the barrier serves to push the contents from the container.
a. PISTON TYPE
b. PLASTIC-BAG AND BAG-IN-BAG
TYPE
c. CAN-IN-CAN SYSTEMS
-The term aerosol is used to denote various systems ranging from those of a colloidal nature to systems consisting of pressurized packages.
-Aerosols have been defined as colloidal systems consisting of very finely subdivided liquid or solid particles dispersed in and surrounded by a gas.
-Originally, the term aerosol referred to liquid or solid particles having a specific size range, but this concept has fallen into disuse.
-The present-day definition refers to those products that depend upon the power of a liquefied or compressed gas to dispense the active ingredient(s) in a finely dispersed spray, foam, or semisolid.
-Topical pharmaceutical aerosols can be formulated as:
•spray
•foam
•semisolid
and can be used to deliver therapeutic agents topically to the skin surface, rectally, and vaginally.
-They consist of a liquid, emulsion, or semisolid concentrate and liquefied gas or compressed gas propellant.
-Many therapeutically active ingredients have been administered or applied to the body by means of the aerosol dosage form.
-In 1978, the use of certain chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) was curtailed by the FDA, EPA, and CPSC. These restrictions ap- plied to the use of Propellants 11, 12, and 114 (CFCs) for use in all aerosol products.
MODE OF OPERATION
1. Liquefied-Gas Systems
-Liquefied gases have been used widely as propellants for most aerosol products.
-Types of system:
a. TWO-PHASE SYSTEM
-This is the simplest of all aerosol systems. It consists of a solution or a suspension of active ingredients in liquid propellant or a mixture of liquid propellant and solvent.
b. THREE-PHASE SYSTEM
-This system is useful for topical pharmaceutical aerosols in that it allows a greater use of liquid components not miscible with the propellants.
2. Compressed-Gas Aerosols
-Aerosols using compressed gases as the propellant are finding increased use. These propellants, especially nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide, are acceptable for use with pharmaceuticals.
3. Barrier-Type Systems
-These systems separate the propellant from the product itself. The pressure on the outside of the barrier serves to push the contents from the container.
a. PISTON TYPE
b. PLASTIC-BAG AND BAG-IN-BAG
TYPE
c. CAN-IN-CAN SYSTEMS
PROPELLANTS
-The propellant generally is regarded as the heart of the aerosol package.
-In addition to supplying the necessary force to expel the product, the propellant must also act as a solvent and diluent and has much to do with determining the characteristics of the product as it leaves the container.
-Various chemical compounds have been used as aerosol propellants.
-Compounds useful as propellants can be classified as:
1. Liquefied gases
-Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC)
-Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC)
-Hydrofluorocarbons (HFC)
-Hydrocarbons (HC)
2. Hydrocarbon ethers
3. Compressed gases
-Nitrogen
-Nitrous oxide
-Carbon dioxide
CONTAINERS
•Metal
-TIN-PLATED STEEL
-ALUMINUM
-GLASS
PARTS OF CONTAINER:
•VALVES
-The primary purpose of the valve is to regulate the flow of product from the container.
-Continuous-Spray Valves
A small hole about 0.013 to 0.020 in diameter sometimes is placed in the valve body.
-Foam Valves
Valves for foam or aerated products usually have only one ex- pansion orifice, the one at the seat.
•ACTUATORS
-The actuator provides a rapid and convenient means for releasing the contents from a pressurized container. It provides the additional functional use in allowing the product to be dispensed in the desired form, that is, a fine mist, wet spray, foam, or solid stream.
•PACKAGING
-Depending on the nature of the product concentrate, the aerosol can be filled by a cold-filling or a pressure-filling process. There are advantages and disadvantages to both methods, and there are many factors that must be considered before deciding which process to use.
-The propellant generally is regarded as the heart of the aerosol package.
-In addition to supplying the necessary force to expel the product, the propellant must also act as a solvent and diluent and has much to do with determining the characteristics of the product as it leaves the container.
-Various chemical compounds have been used as aerosol propellants.
-Compounds useful as propellants can be classified as:
1. Liquefied gases
-Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC)
-Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC)
-Hydrofluorocarbons (HFC)
-Hydrocarbons (HC)
2. Hydrocarbon ethers
3. Compressed gases
-Nitrogen
-Nitrous oxide
-Carbon dioxide
CONTAINERS
•Metal
-TIN-PLATED STEEL
-ALUMINUM
-GLASS
PARTS OF CONTAINER:
•VALVES
-The primary purpose of the valve is to regulate the flow of product from the container.
-Continuous-Spray Valves
A small hole about 0.013 to 0.020 in diameter sometimes is placed in the valve body.
-Foam Valves
Valves for foam or aerated products usually have only one ex- pansion orifice, the one at the seat.
•ACTUATORS
-The actuator provides a rapid and convenient means for releasing the contents from a pressurized container. It provides the additional functional use in allowing the product to be dispensed in the desired form, that is, a fine mist, wet spray, foam, or solid stream.
•PACKAGING
-Depending on the nature of the product concentrate, the aerosol can be filled by a cold-filling or a pressure-filling process. There are advantages and disadvantages to both methods, and there are many factors that must be considered before deciding which process to use.
An alternative definition of this dosage form includes:
Pharmaceutical aerosols are products that are packaged under pressure and contain therapeutically active ingredients that are released upon actuation of an appropriate valve system. They are intended for topical application to the skin as well as local application into the nose (nasal aerosols), mouth (lingual aerosols) or lungs (inhalation aerosols).
Pharmaceutical aerosols are products that are packaged under pressure and contain therapeutically active ingredients that are released upon actuation of an appropriate valve system. They are intended for topical application to the skin as well as local application into the nose (nasal aerosols), mouth (lingual aerosols) or lungs (inhalation aerosols).
🗝
🔴Binding of drugs to receptors🔴
📌•Binding of drugs to receptors necessarily obeys the Law of Mass Action.
📌 •At equilibrium, receptor occupancy is related to drug concentration by the Hill–Langmuir equation
📌•The higher the affinity of the drug for the receptor, the lower the concentration at which it produces a given level of occupancy.
📌•The same principles apply when two or more drugs compete for the same receptors; each has the effect of reducing the apparent affinity for the other.
🔴Binding of drugs to receptors🔴
📌•Binding of drugs to receptors necessarily obeys the Law of Mass Action.
📌 •At equilibrium, receptor occupancy is related to drug concentration by the Hill–Langmuir equation
📌•The higher the affinity of the drug for the receptor, the lower the concentration at which it produces a given level of occupancy.
📌•The same principles apply when two or more drugs compete for the same receptors; each has the effect of reducing the apparent affinity for the other.
MCQ NO.661 | Biochemistry
Cellular respiration is an example of
Cellular respiration is an example of
Anonymous Quiz
27%
Endergonic Reaction
48%
Oxidation Reaction
23%
Exergonic Reaction
2%
None of these
MCQ NO.662 | Biochemistry
A compound which is found in all living cells and play key role in energy transformation is..
A compound which is found in all living cells and play key role in energy transformation is..
Anonymous Quiz
12%
ADP
77%
ATP
11%
Chlorophyll
1%
Granum
MCQ NO.663 | Biochemistry
Proteins are polymer of..
Proteins are polymer of..
Anonymous Quiz
55%
L- alpha Amino acid
22%
L- beta Amino acid
19%
D- alpha Amino acid
4%
D- beta Amino acid
MCQ NO.664 | Biochemistry
Cytochrome oxidase are example of..
Cytochrome oxidase are example of..
Anonymous Quiz
23%
Oxygenase
34%
Oxidases
23%
Dehydrogenase
20%
Oxidoreductase
MCQ NO.665 | Biochemistry
There are about _____ types of specialised cells om Human body.
There are about _____ types of specialised cells om Human body.
Anonymous Quiz
29%
250
40%
350
21%
450
10%
550
MCQ NO.666 | P. Engeenering
When principle of conservation of energy is applied to flow of fluids then resulting equation is known as..
When principle of conservation of energy is applied to flow of fluids then resulting equation is known as..
Anonymous Quiz
25%
Reynolds number
57%
Bernoulli’s theorem
14%
Hagen-Poiseuille’s equation
4%
Kick’s theory
MCQ NO.667 | P. Engeenering
Region between 2100-4000 for Reynolds number is known as..
Region between 2100-4000 for Reynolds number is known as..
Anonymous Quiz
42%
Turbulent region
40%
Laminar region
9%
Safe region
10%
Critical region
MCQ NO.668 | P. Engineering
In Bernoulli’s theorem the Potential energy is also known as..
In Bernoulli’s theorem the Potential energy is also known as..
Anonymous Quiz
21%
Resonance energy
35%
kinetic energy
22%
Thermal energy
21%
Datum energy
MCQ NO.669 | P. Engineering
Which of the following is not a type of energy loss?
Which of the following is not a type of energy loss?
Anonymous Quiz
14%
Friction losses
29%
Enlargement losses
30%
Resistance losses
27%
Losses in fittings
MCQ NO.670 | P. Engineering
Bernoulli’s theorem state that the pressure energy, kinetic energy, datum energy at any point of the fluids is…
Bernoulli’s theorem state that the pressure energy, kinetic energy, datum energy at any point of the fluids is…
Anonymous Quiz
17%
High
72%
Constant
9%
Low
3%
None of above
🔴 DEFINITION
Monophasic liquid =
Monophasic liquid containing two or more components in one phase system.
Monophasic liquid =
Monophasic liquid containing two or more components in one phase system.
🔴 DEFINITION
Biphasic liquid =
The liquid which consist of two phases are known as biphasic liquids.
For ex. Emulation , suspension
Biphasic liquid =
The liquid which consist of two phases are known as biphasic liquids.
For ex. Emulation , suspension