Intramuscular Injections

Intramuscular injections are performed deep into the skeletal muscles at either the deltoid, gluteal, or lumbar muscles. The site is chosen to minimize danger of hitting a nerve or blood vessel. Aqueous or oleaginous solutions or suspensions may be used with rapid effects or depot activity selected to meet the require- ments of the patient. Drugs that are irritating to subcutaneous tissue are often administered intramuscularly with volumes of 2 to 5 mL or more. When a volume of 5 mL or more is to be injected it should be in divided doses using two injections.

Ocular, Aural, and Nasal Routes of Administration

Drugs are frequently applied topically to the eye, ear, and mucus membranes of the nose. In these instances ointments, suspensions, and solutions are generally employed. They are generally not employed for systemic effects. Nasal preparations may be absorbed and a systemic effect may be seen.
Ophthalmic preparations (solutions and suspensions) are sterile aqueous preparations with other qualities essential to the safety and comfort of the patient. Ophthalmic ointments must be sterile and free from grittiness.
Nasal preparations are usually solutions or suspensions administered by drops or as a fine mist from a nasal spray container, which could include an aerosol with a metered valve.
Otic or ear preparations are usually very viscous so that they may have contact with the affected area. They can be employed to soften ear wax, relieve an earache, or combat an infection.

Placebo | Short Note
https://www.notesyard-kta.com/2021/05/placebo-short-note.html

MCQ No.1

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