🔴 Mechanism of Action 🔴
🔺Calcitonin :-
🔸Actions of calcitonin are generally apposite to PTH.
It inhibits bone resorption by direct action on osteoclasts -----decreasing their ruffled surface which forms contact with the resorptive pit.
🔸Calcitonin inhibits oroximal tubular reabsorption of calcium and phosphate by direct action on kidney.
🔸The actions of calcitonin are mediated through a G-protein coupled receptor (CTR) and increase in cAMP formation, but it's target cells are different than PTH.
🔺Calcitonin :-
🔸Actions of calcitonin are generally apposite to PTH.
It inhibits bone resorption by direct action on osteoclasts -----decreasing their ruffled surface which forms contact with the resorptive pit.
🔸Calcitonin inhibits oroximal tubular reabsorption of calcium and phosphate by direct action on kidney.
🔸The actions of calcitonin are mediated through a G-protein coupled receptor (CTR) and increase in cAMP formation, but it's target cells are different than PTH.
MCQ NO 1321 | Pharmacology
Selective COX-2 inhibitors differ from nonselective COX-1/COX-2 inhibitors in that they:
Selective COX-2 inhibitors differ from nonselective COX-1/COX-2 inhibitors in that they:
Anonymous Quiz
47%
a)Are antiinflammatory but not analgesic
15%
b)Do not bring down fever
11%
c)Have no renal effects
27%
d)Do not inhibit platelet aggregation
MCQ NO 1322 | Pharmacology
Inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis share the following features except:
Inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis share the following features except:
Anonymous Quiz
20%
a)Prolongation of bleeding time
36%
b)Prolongation of prothrombintime
26%
c)Prolongation of labour
18%
d)Gastric mucosal damage
MCQ NO 1323 | Pharmacology
Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis does not underlie the following action of aspirin:
Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis does not underlie the following action of aspirin:
Anonymous Quiz
13%
a)Analgesia
41%
b)Closure of patent duct usarteriosus
29%
c)Hyperventilation
18%
d)Bleeding tendency
MCQ NO 1324 | Pharmacology
………… has nonselective serotonin reuptake inhibitor actions.
………… has nonselective serotonin reuptake inhibitor actions.
Anonymous Quiz
21%
a) Levorphanol
50%
b) Dextromethorphan
21%
c) Dihydroxycodine
8%
d) Ethylmorphi
MCQ NO 1325 | Pharmacology
Meperidine as a potential ………. Agent.
Meperidine as a potential ………. Agent.
Anonymous Quiz
17%
a) Anticholinergic
18%
b) Adrenergic
14%
c) Parasympatholytic
52%
d) Both 1 & 3
🔴 Mechanism of Action 🔴
🔺 Vitamin D :-
🔸1. Calcitriol enhances absorption of calcium and phosphate from intestine.
This is brought about by synthesis of calcium channels and carrier protein for Calcium called Calcium Binding Protein (CaBP) or Calbindin. Vitamin D shows it's action through Cytoplasmic receptor (VDR) .
🔸2. Calcitriol enhances resorption of calcium and phosphate from bone by promoting recruitment and differentiation of osteoclasts precursors in the bone remodeling units, but mature osteoclasts lack the VDR i.e. Vitamin D receptor.
🔸3.Caltriol enhances tubular reabsorption of Calcium and phosphate in the kidney, but action is less marked than PTH.
🔸4. Other actions :- Lymphokine production , proliferation and differentiation of epidermal cells, neuronal and skeletal muscle function have also been demonstrated.
🔺 Vitamin D :-
🔸1. Calcitriol enhances absorption of calcium and phosphate from intestine.
This is brought about by synthesis of calcium channels and carrier protein for Calcium called Calcium Binding Protein (CaBP) or Calbindin. Vitamin D shows it's action through Cytoplasmic receptor (VDR) .
🔸2. Calcitriol enhances resorption of calcium and phosphate from bone by promoting recruitment and differentiation of osteoclasts precursors in the bone remodeling units, but mature osteoclasts lack the VDR i.e. Vitamin D receptor.
🔸3.Caltriol enhances tubular reabsorption of Calcium and phosphate in the kidney, but action is less marked than PTH.
🔸4. Other actions :- Lymphokine production , proliferation and differentiation of epidermal cells, neuronal and skeletal muscle function have also been demonstrated.
MCQ NO 1326 | Microbiology
Which of the following is ionizing radiation?
Which of the following is ionizing radiation?
Anonymous Quiz
29%
IR
33%
U.V Rays
33%
γ-rays
4%
None of these
MCQ NO 1327 | Microbiology
Which of the following induces dimerisation of thymine?
Which of the following induces dimerisation of thymine?
Anonymous Quiz
43%
U.V. rays
27%
ã-rays
16%
None of these
14%
X-rays
MCQ NO 1328 | Microbiology
The principle involved in the streak plate method is?
The principle involved in the streak plate method is?
Anonymous Quiz
59%
Streaking
16%
Dilution
19%
Isolation
6%
Separation
MCQ NO 1329 | Microbiology
Laboratory diagnosis of enteric fever is based on..........
Laboratory diagnosis of enteric fever is based on..........
Anonymous Quiz
23%
Widal test
18%
Urine and stool culture
10%
Blood culture
49%
All of the above
MCQ NO 1330 | Microbiology
Wilson and Blair medium is used for isolation of...........
Wilson and Blair medium is used for isolation of...........
Anonymous Quiz
20%
Vibrio cholerae
42%
Salmonella typhosa
26%
Shigella shigae
11%
Staphylococci
MCQ NO 1031 | Pharmacology
Which of the following drug weakly stimulates synthesis of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)?
Which of the following drug weakly stimulates synthesis of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)?
Anonymous Quiz
21%
Lovastatin
34%
Gemfibrozil (Loprol)
22%
Probucol (Lorelco)
23%
Cholestyramine
MCQ NO 1332 | Pharmacology
Which of the following drug may block oxidation of low density lipoproteins (LDL)?
Which of the following drug may block oxidation of low density lipoproteins (LDL)?
Anonymous Quiz
16%
Gemfibrozil (Loprol)
26%
Probucol (Lorelco)
42%
Nicotinic acid (niacin)
16%
Lovastatin (Mevacor)
MCQ NO 1333 | Pharmacology
Which drug inhibits enzyme and indirectly enhances clearance of low density lipoproteins (LDL)?
Which drug inhibits enzyme and indirectly enhances clearance of low density lipoproteins (LDL)?
Anonymous Quiz
25%
Cholestyramine
41%
Lovastatin
25%
Nicotinic acid
9%
Probucol
MCQ NO 1334 | Pharmacology
Drug which increases lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in adipose tissue?
Drug which increases lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in adipose tissue?
Anonymous Quiz
30%
Gemfibrozil
34%
Nicotinic acid
22%
Lovastatin
15%
Cholestyramine
MCQ NO 1335 | Pharmacology
Which of the following drugs used in the treatment of gout acts by preventing the migration of granulocytes?
Which of the following drugs used in the treatment of gout acts by preventing the migration of granulocytes?
Anonymous Quiz
19%
Sulfinpyrazone
38%
Colchicine
22%
Indomethacin
20%
Allopurinol
🔴 Mechanism of Action 🔴
🔺 Bisphophonates (BPNs) :-
Bisphophonates are the anlogues of pyrophosphate.
They inhinit bone resorption and have ability to prevent osteoporosis.
🔸a)BPNs have strong affinity for calcium phosphate and have selective action in calcified tissue.
Bisphosphonates localised in the acidic zone under the osteoclasts due to their high affinity for calcium ions are released from bone surface due to high acidity the bisphosphonates are also released and are internalized by endocytosis.
This results in 👇👇
---- Accelerated apoptosis of osteoclasts reducing their number.
----Distribution of cytoskeleton and ruffled border of osteoclasts.
🔸b) It has been shown that now that the second and third generation potent amino-BPNs like alendronate, zolendronate, have important metabolic effects in the mevalonate pathway for isoprenoid lipid synthesis.
They inhibit prenylation of certain GTP binding proteins involved in cytoskeletal organization, membrane ruffling and vesical movement.
The net result is inactivation of osteoclasts, impaired vesicles fusion and enhanced apoptosis.
🔺 Bisphophonates (BPNs) :-
Bisphophonates are the anlogues of pyrophosphate.
They inhinit bone resorption and have ability to prevent osteoporosis.
🔸a)BPNs have strong affinity for calcium phosphate and have selective action in calcified tissue.
Bisphosphonates localised in the acidic zone under the osteoclasts due to their high affinity for calcium ions are released from bone surface due to high acidity the bisphosphonates are also released and are internalized by endocytosis.
This results in 👇👇
---- Accelerated apoptosis of osteoclasts reducing their number.
----Distribution of cytoskeleton and ruffled border of osteoclasts.
🔸b) It has been shown that now that the second and third generation potent amino-BPNs like alendronate, zolendronate, have important metabolic effects in the mevalonate pathway for isoprenoid lipid synthesis.
They inhibit prenylation of certain GTP binding proteins involved in cytoskeletal organization, membrane ruffling and vesical movement.
The net result is inactivation of osteoclasts, impaired vesicles fusion and enhanced apoptosis.
MCQ NO.1336 | GLYCOSIDE
The constituent of Cochineal is:
The constituent of Cochineal is:
Anonymous Quiz
14%
Hirudin
33%
Cantharidin
45%
Carminic acid
8%
Tannic acid
MCQ NO.1337 | GLYCOSIDES
A steroidal phytoconstituent lowering blood sugar is obtained from:
A steroidal phytoconstituent lowering blood sugar is obtained from:
Anonymous Quiz
8%
Quilla jasaponaria
25%
Momordica charantia
46%
Glycyrrhiza glabra
20%
Dioscorea deltoidea