Note.... Thyroid Hormones acts on nuclear receptor belongs to steroid and retinoid superfamily of intracellular receptors.
In contrast to the steroid receptor, the TR resides in the nucleus even in the unliganded inactive state.
In contrast to the steroid receptor, the TR resides in the nucleus even in the unliganded inactive state.
🔴 Actions of Thyroid
Hormones🔴
1.Growth and development
2. Intermediary metabolism of Lipids, carbohydrates, Proteins.
3.Calorigenesis
4.CVS ... Heart rate , contractility and cardiac output increases, bounding pulse.
5. Haemopoiesis.....by only T4 treatment.
6.Indirect effect on reproduction.
Hormones🔴
1.Growth and development
2. Intermediary metabolism of Lipids, carbohydrates, Proteins.
3.Calorigenesis
4.CVS ... Heart rate , contractility and cardiac output increases, bounding pulse.
5. Haemopoiesis.....by only T4 treatment.
6.Indirect effect on reproduction.
🔴ADRS OF PROBENECID🔴
Severe
hepatic necrosis
anaphylactoid reactions / Rapid
nephrotic syndrome
aplastic anemia
• hemolytic anemia
• Moderate
• hematuria
• gout
• Mild
• nausea
• vomiting
• fever
• pruritus
• flushing
• alopecia
• polyuria
• headache
• dizziness
Severe
hepatic necrosis
anaphylactoid reactions / Rapid
nephrotic syndrome
aplastic anemia
• hemolytic anemia
• Moderate
• hematuria
• gout
• Mild
• nausea
• vomiting
• fever
• pruritus
• flushing
• alopecia
• polyuria
• headache
• dizziness
🔴INTERACTIONS🔴
➡️Probenecid-
☑Probenecid inhibits urinary excretion of cephalosporins,sulphonamides,Mtx and indomethacin.
☑Inhibits biliary excretion of rifampicin.
☑Pyrazinamide and ethambutol may interfere with uricosuric action of Probenecid.
☑Probenecid inhibits tubular secretion of nitrofurantoin.
☑Aspirin blocks uricosuric action of Probenecid.
➡️Probenecid-
☑Probenecid inhibits urinary excretion of cephalosporins,sulphonamides,Mtx and indomethacin.
☑Inhibits biliary excretion of rifampicin.
☑Pyrazinamide and ethambutol may interfere with uricosuric action of Probenecid.
☑Probenecid inhibits tubular secretion of nitrofurantoin.
☑Aspirin blocks uricosuric action of Probenecid.
MCQ NO 881 | Pharmacology
Tick the action mechanism of anticancer drugs belonging to plant alkaloids:
Tick the action mechanism of anticancer drugs belonging to plant alkaloids:
Anonymous Quiz
27%
a) Inhibition of DNA-dependent RNA synthesis
19%
b) Cross-linking of DNA
49%
c) Mitotic arrest at a metaphase
5%
d) Nonselective inhibition of aromatases
MCQ NO 882 | Pharmacology
General contraindications for anticancer drugs are:
General contraindications for anticancer drugs are:
Anonymous Quiz
10%
a) Depression of bone marrow
6%
b) Acute infections
15%
c) Severe hepatic and/or renal insufficiency
70%
d) All of the above
MCQ NO 883| Pharmacology
Action mechanism of methotrexate is:
Action mechanism of methotrexate is:
Anonymous Quiz
46%
a) Inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase
8%
b) Activation of cell differentiation
9%
c) Catabolic depletion of serum asparagine
38%
d) All of the above
MCQ NO 884 | Pharmacology
Tick the anticancer drug belonging to inorganic metal complexes:
Tick the anticancer drug belonging to inorganic metal complexes:
Anonymous Quiz
10%
a) Dacarbazine
59%
b) Cisplatin
22%
c) Methotrexate
8%
d) Vincristine
MCQ NO 885 | Pharmacology
Tick the indication for estrogens in oncological practice:
Tick the indication for estrogens in oncological practice:
Anonymous Quiz
14%
a) Leukemia
41%
b) Cancer of prostate
39%
c) Endometrial cancer
6%
d) Brain tumors
MCQ NO 886 | Pharmaceutics
85.What will be the freezing point depression of isotonic dextrose solution
85.What will be the freezing point depression of isotonic dextrose solution
Anonymous Quiz
42%
(A)-0.52°C
26%
(B)-0.12°C
25%
(C)-0.09°C
8%
(D-0.58°C
MCQ NO 887| Pharmaceutics
In relation to blood plasma ,large volume intravenous injections should be
In relation to blood plasma ,large volume intravenous injections should be
Anonymous Quiz
64%
(A)isotonic
12%
(B)paratonic
16%
(C)hypotonic
8%
(D)hypertonic
MCQ NO 888| Pharmaceutics
Co-solvent used in parenteral solutions is
Co-solvent used in parenteral solutions is
Anonymous Quiz
33%
(A)ethyl alcohol
23%
(B)mannitol
23%
(C)sorbitol
21%
(D)benzyl alcohol
MCQ NO 889 | Pharmaceutics
Inrelation to sterilization , what is the meaning of D=2minutes
Inrelation to sterilization , what is the meaning of D=2minutes
Anonymous Quiz
21%
(A)death of all microorganisms in 2minutes
29%
(B)death of all 50% organisms in 2minutes
44%
(C)death of all 90% organisms in 2minutes
5%
(D)death of all 10% organisms in 2minutes
MCQ NO 890 | Pharmaceutics
UV-B (wavelength between 290-310 nm) rays are responsible for
UV-B (wavelength between 290-310 nm) rays are responsible for
Anonymous Quiz
17%
(A)photo degradation of drugs
13%
(B)sun burns
18%
(C)tissue damage
52%
(D)all of the above
🔴 Mechanism of Action 🔴
🔺 Antithyroid Drugs :-
🔸1. Thioamides (antithyroid drugs) Inhibit hormone synthesis.
Thioamides bind to thyroid peroxidase and prevent the oxidation of iodide and iodotyrosyl residues , thereby ;
i) Inhibit iodination of tyrosine residues in thyroglobulin.
ii) Inhibit coupling of iodotyrosine residues to form T3 and T4.
🔸2.Inhibit iodide trapping (ionic inhibitors)
These ionic inhibitors inhibits iodide trapping by Sodium Iodide Symporter (NIS) into the thyroid gland.
Perchlorate is 10 times more potent than thiocynate in blocking NIS , while nitrate is very weak. So, these ions are toxic and not clinically used.
🔸3. Inhibit hormone synthesis (Iodine and Iodides)
Excess of iodide inhibits it's own transport into thyroid cells by interfering with expression of NIS on the cell membrane .
Reduction in T3 & T4 synthesis by this mechanism called Wolf- Chaikoff effect.
🔸4.Destroy thyroid tissue by Radioactive Iodine.
131 I (iodine) emits gamma rays as well as beta particals shows destructive effect on thyroid cells.
👉 Note :- The image of synthesis ,storage and secretion of thyroid hormone is given below , by using this image you can easily understand mechanism of Thyroid inhibitors.
🔺 Antithyroid Drugs :-
🔸1. Thioamides (antithyroid drugs) Inhibit hormone synthesis.
Thioamides bind to thyroid peroxidase and prevent the oxidation of iodide and iodotyrosyl residues , thereby ;
i) Inhibit iodination of tyrosine residues in thyroglobulin.
ii) Inhibit coupling of iodotyrosine residues to form T3 and T4.
🔸2.Inhibit iodide trapping (ionic inhibitors)
These ionic inhibitors inhibits iodide trapping by Sodium Iodide Symporter (NIS) into the thyroid gland.
Perchlorate is 10 times more potent than thiocynate in blocking NIS , while nitrate is very weak. So, these ions are toxic and not clinically used.
🔸3. Inhibit hormone synthesis (Iodine and Iodides)
Excess of iodide inhibits it's own transport into thyroid cells by interfering with expression of NIS on the cell membrane .
Reduction in T3 & T4 synthesis by this mechanism called Wolf- Chaikoff effect.
🔸4.Destroy thyroid tissue by Radioactive Iodine.
131 I (iodine) emits gamma rays as well as beta particals shows destructive effect on thyroid cells.
👉 Note :- The image of synthesis ,storage and secretion of thyroid hormone is given below , by using this image you can easily understand mechanism of Thyroid inhibitors.
MCQ NO 891| Medicinal Chemistry
A primary source of histamine released during inflammatory conditions are:
A primary source of histamine released during inflammatory conditions are:
Anonymous Quiz
8%
B cell
20%
T lymphocytes
17%
Enterochromaffin like cell
55%
Mast cell
MCQ NO 892 | Pharmacognosy
Atropine is what type of compound?
Atropine is what type of compound?
Final Results
31%
Muscarnic agonist
47%
Muscarnic antagonist
19%
Nico-nic agonist
3%
Nico-nic antagonist
MCQ NO 893. | Pharmacognosy
Which opiate is used in medicine as an analgesic and a cough depressant?
Which opiate is used in medicine as an analgesic and a cough depressant?
Anonymous Quiz
23%
Morphine
8%
Heroin
62%
Codein
8%
Naloxane
MCQ NO 894 | pharmacology
Which route of drug administration is most likely leads to the first-pass effect?
Which route of drug administration is most likely leads to the first-pass effect?
Anonymous Quiz
8%
Sublingual
18%
Intravenous
72%
Oral
2%
Intramuscular