🔴 Hormones are secreted by the endocrine or ductless glands. These are:

🔺1 . Pituitary
(a) Anterior pituitary :-

Growth hormone (GH),
Prolactin ( Prl),
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or
Corticotropin.
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) or Thyrotropin.
Gonadotropins-Follicle stimulating hormone
(FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH).
(b) Posterior pituitary :-

Oxytocin,
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin.

🔺2 . Thyroid Hormones:-
Thyroxine (T4, Triiodothyronine (T3 ),Calcitonin.

🔺3. Parathyroid:-
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
or Parathormone.

🔺4 . Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)
Insulin, Glucagon.

🔺5. Adrenals

🔶(a) Cortex :-
Glucocorticoids (hydrocortisone)
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Sex steroids ( dehydroepiandrosterone)

🔸(b) Medulla :- Adrenaline, noradrenaline

🔺6. Gonads :-
Androgens (testosterone)
Estrogens ( estradiol)
Progestins (progesterone)

Note.....In addition, hypothalamus, which is a part
of the CNs and not a gland, produces many
releasing and re lease inhibitory hormones
which control the secretion of anterior pituitary
hormones.

🟢 Placenta also secretes many Hormones :-

Chorionic gonadotropin,
Estrogens ,
Placental lactogen ,
Prolactin ,Progesterone
,Chorionic thyrotropin.

🔴ADRS OF ALLOPURINOL🔴

📌 More common hypersensitivity reactions are more common

Ankle, knee, or great toe joint pain
joint stiffness or swelling
rash
rash with flat lesions or small raised lesions on the skin

📌 Rare
• ammonia-like breath odor
• anxiety
• bleeding gums
• blistering, peeling, or loosening of the skin
• blood in the urine or stools

🔴INTERACTIONS🔴

➡️Allopurinol-

✔Inhibits degradation of 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine,but not that of thioguanine because it follows S-methylation type of path.
✔Probenecid with allopurinol has complex interaction,allopurinol prolongs half life of Probenecid.
✔Allopurinol potentiate warfarin and theophylline by inhibiting their mechanisms.
✔When ampicillin is given to patients which are on allopurinol high incidence of skin rashes has been reported.

Note.... Thyroid Hormones acts on nuclear receptor belongs to steroid and retinoid superfamily of intracellular receptors.

In contrast to the steroid receptor, the TR resides in the nucleus even in the unliganded inactive state.

👉For detail mechanism you can read Nuclear receptors from General Pharmacology.

🔴 Actions of Thyroid
Hormones🔴

1.Growth and development

2. Intermediary metabolism of Lipids, carbohydrates, Proteins.

3.Calorigenesis

4.CVS ... Heart rate , contractility and cardiac output increases, bounding pulse.

5. Haemopoiesis.....by only T4 treatment.

6.Indirect effect on reproduction.

🔴ADRS OF PROBENECID🔴
Severe
hepatic necrosis
anaphylactoid reactions / Rapid
nephrotic syndrome
aplastic anemia
• hemolytic anemia
• Moderate
• hematuria
• gout
• Mild
• nausea
• vomiting
• fever
• pruritus
• flushing
• alopecia
• polyuria
• headache
• dizziness

🔴INTERACTIONS🔴

➡️Probenecid-

☑Probenecid inhibits urinary excretion of cephalosporins,sulphonamides,Mtx and indomethacin.
☑Inhibits biliary excretion of rifampicin.
☑Pyrazinamide and ethambutol may interfere with uricosuric action of Probenecid.
☑Probenecid inhibits tubular secretion of nitrofurantoin.
☑Aspirin blocks uricosuric action of Probenecid.