MCQ No 870 | Pharmacology
Beta-receptor antagonists cause:
Beta-receptor antagonists cause:
Anonymous Quiz
14%
a) Stimulation of lipolysis
37%
b) Stimulation of gluconeogenesis
32%
c) Inhibition of glycogenolysis
17%
d) Stimulation of insulin secretion
🔴 Mechanism of Action 🔴
🔺Anterior Pituitary Hormones:-
1. Growth Hormone.... Acts on cell surface JAK-STAT receptors practically present on all type of cells (detail information is included in our general pharmacology notes has already uploded ) ...promotes growth of bones and all other organs by including hyperplasia.
(Growth of eye and brain is independent of Growth Hormone)
GH also maintain positive Nitrogen Balance.
Uptake of glucose by muscles is reduced while output from liver is increase and blood glucose level tend to rise.
2.Prolactin:-
Acts on JACK-STAT receptors on surface of target cells.
It promotes proliferation of ductal as well as acinar cells in the brest and induces synthesis of milk proteins and lactose.
Gonadotropins ( FSH & LH) also secreted from the anterior pituitary gland but, we will discuss in detail about that in steroidal section)
Note:-... You have to study some basics related with Hormones and secretion of hormones from particular gland before going to study mechanism of action of Hormone)
🔺Anterior Pituitary Hormones:-
1. Growth Hormone.... Acts on cell surface JAK-STAT receptors practically present on all type of cells (detail information is included in our general pharmacology notes has already uploded ) ...promotes growth of bones and all other organs by including hyperplasia.
(Growth of eye and brain is independent of Growth Hormone)
GH also maintain positive Nitrogen Balance.
Uptake of glucose by muscles is reduced while output from liver is increase and blood glucose level tend to rise.
2.Prolactin:-
Acts on JACK-STAT receptors on surface of target cells.
It promotes proliferation of ductal as well as acinar cells in the brest and induces synthesis of milk proteins and lactose.
Gonadotropins ( FSH & LH) also secreted from the anterior pituitary gland but, we will discuss in detail about that in steroidal section)
Note:-... You have to study some basics related with Hormones and secretion of hormones from particular gland before going to study mechanism of action of Hormone)
🔴 Hormones are secreted by the endocrine or ductless glands. These are:
🔺1 . Pituitary
(a) Anterior pituitary :-
Growth hormone (GH),
Prolactin ( Prl),
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or
Corticotropin.
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) or Thyrotropin.
Gonadotropins-Follicle stimulating hormone
(FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH).
(b) Posterior pituitary :-
Oxytocin,
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin.
🔺2 . Thyroid Hormones:-
Thyroxine (T4, Triiodothyronine (T3 ),Calcitonin.
🔺3. Parathyroid:-
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
or Parathormone.
🔺4 . Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)
Insulin, Glucagon.
🔺5. Adrenals
🔶(a) Cortex :-
Glucocorticoids (hydrocortisone)
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Sex steroids ( dehydroepiandrosterone)
🔸(b) Medulla :- Adrenaline, noradrenaline
🔺6. Gonads :-
Androgens (testosterone)
Estrogens ( estradiol)
Progestins (progesterone)
Note.....In addition, hypothalamus, which is a part
of the CNs and not a gland, produces many
releasing and re lease inhibitory hormones
which control the secretion of anterior pituitary
hormones.
🟢 Placenta also secretes many Hormones :-
Chorionic gonadotropin,
Estrogens ,
Placental lactogen ,
Prolactin ,Progesterone
,Chorionic thyrotropin.
🔺1 . Pituitary
(a) Anterior pituitary :-
Growth hormone (GH),
Prolactin ( Prl),
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or
Corticotropin.
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) or Thyrotropin.
Gonadotropins-Follicle stimulating hormone
(FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH).
(b) Posterior pituitary :-
Oxytocin,
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin.
🔺2 . Thyroid Hormones:-
Thyroxine (T4, Triiodothyronine (T3 ),Calcitonin.
🔺3. Parathyroid:-
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
or Parathormone.
🔺4 . Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)
Insulin, Glucagon.
🔺5. Adrenals
🔶(a) Cortex :-
Glucocorticoids (hydrocortisone)
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Sex steroids ( dehydroepiandrosterone)
🔸(b) Medulla :- Adrenaline, noradrenaline
🔺6. Gonads :-
Androgens (testosterone)
Estrogens ( estradiol)
Progestins (progesterone)
Note.....In addition, hypothalamus, which is a part
of the CNs and not a gland, produces many
releasing and re lease inhibitory hormones
which control the secretion of anterior pituitary
hormones.
🟢 Placenta also secretes many Hormones :-
Chorionic gonadotropin,
Estrogens ,
Placental lactogen ,
Prolactin ,Progesterone
,Chorionic thyrotropin.
🔴ADRS OF ALLOPURINOL🔴
📌 More common hypersensitivity reactions are more common
Ankle, knee, or great toe joint pain
joint stiffness or swelling
rash
rash with flat lesions or small raised lesions on the skin
📌 Rare
• ammonia-like breath odor
• anxiety
• bleeding gums
• blistering, peeling, or loosening of the skin
• blood in the urine or stools
📌 More common hypersensitivity reactions are more common
Ankle, knee, or great toe joint pain
joint stiffness or swelling
rash
rash with flat lesions or small raised lesions on the skin
📌 Rare
• ammonia-like breath odor
• anxiety
• bleeding gums
• blistering, peeling, or loosening of the skin
• blood in the urine or stools
🔴INTERACTIONS🔴
➡️Allopurinol-
✔Inhibits degradation of 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine,but not that of thioguanine because it follows S-methylation type of path.
✔Probenecid with allopurinol has complex interaction,allopurinol prolongs half life of Probenecid.
✔Allopurinol potentiate warfarin and theophylline by inhibiting their mechanisms.
✔When ampicillin is given to patients which are on allopurinol high incidence of skin rashes has been reported.
➡️Allopurinol-
✔Inhibits degradation of 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine,but not that of thioguanine because it follows S-methylation type of path.
✔Probenecid with allopurinol has complex interaction,allopurinol prolongs half life of Probenecid.
✔Allopurinol potentiate warfarin and theophylline by inhibiting their mechanisms.
✔When ampicillin is given to patients which are on allopurinol high incidence of skin rashes has been reported.
MCQ NO 871| Physical pharmacy
According to Boyle’s law the volume of a fixed mass of a gas, at constant temperature, is
According to Boyle’s law the volume of a fixed mass of a gas, at constant temperature, is
Anonymous Quiz
43%
(a)directly proportional to its pressure
47%
(b)inversely proportional to its pressure
8%
(c)the square root of its pressure
1%
(d)none of these
MCQ NO 872 | Physical pharmacy
Which of the following is the correct mathematical relation for Charle’s law at constant pressure?
Which of the following is the correct mathematical relation for Charle’s law at constant pressure?
Anonymous Quiz
40%
(a)V ∝ T
27%
(b)V ∝ t
30%
(c)V = kt
3%
(d)none of these
MCQ No 873 | Physical pharmacy
In lit atm K–1 mol–1 the numerical value of R, the gas constant, is
In lit atm K–1 mol–1 the numerical value of R, the gas constant, is
Anonymous Quiz
18%
(a) 0.821
48%
(b) 0.0821
28%
(c) 0.00821
6%
(d) 0.000821
MCQ No 874 | Physical pharmacy
The mean free path is
The mean free path is
Anonymous Quiz
12%
(a)directly proportional to the pressure of the gas
48%
(b)directly proportional to the root mean square velocity of gas
25%
(c)directly proportional to the temperature of the gas
16%
(d)directly proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas
MCQ No 875 | Physical pharmacy
A gas is heated at constant temperature. Then
A gas is heated at constant temperature. Then
Anonymous Quiz
14%
(a) the no. of molecules of the gas increases
24%
(b) the kinetic energy of the gas molecules decreases
22%
(c) the kinetic energy of the gas molecules remains unaltered
40%
(d) the kinetic energy of the gas molecules increases
MCQ NO 876 | Physical pharmacy
The reciprocal of viscosity is called(
The reciprocal of viscosity is called(
Anonymous Quiz
19%
a)surface tension
19%
(b)frictional resistance
59%
(c)fluidity
3%
(d)none of these
MCQ NO 877 | Physical pharmacy
The dimensions in which coefficient of viscosity is expressed are
The dimensions in which coefficient of viscosity is expressed are
Anonymous Quiz
31%
(a)mass × length × time–1
41%
(b)mass × length–1 × time–1
21%
(c)mass × length–1 × time
6%
(c)mass–1 × length–1 × time–1
MCQ NO 878 | Physical pharmacy
Which of the following is incorrect?
Which of the following is incorrect?
Anonymous Quiz
28%
(a)the rate of condensation is equal to the rate of evaporation at equilibrium in a closed container
34%
(b)the concentration of the molecules in vapour phase decreases continuously
28%
(c)the concentration of the molecules in vapour phase remains unchanged at equilibrium
10%
(d)none of the above
MCQ NO 879 | Physical pharmacy
Which of the following defects results in the decrease of density of crystal
Which of the following defects results in the decrease of density of crystal
Anonymous Quiz
28%
(a) Schottky defect
33%
(b) Frenkel defect
28%
(c) interstitial defect
11%
(d) impurity defect
MCQ NO 880 | Physical pharmacy
In silicon crystal each atom is covalently bonded to _______ neighbours.
In silicon crystal each atom is covalently bonded to _______ neighbours.
Anonymous Quiz
20%
(a)2
38%
(b)8
25%
(c)6
17%
(d)4
Note.... Thyroid Hormones acts on nuclear receptor belongs to steroid and retinoid superfamily of intracellular receptors.
In contrast to the steroid receptor, the TR resides in the nucleus even in the unliganded inactive state.
In contrast to the steroid receptor, the TR resides in the nucleus even in the unliganded inactive state.
🔴 Actions of Thyroid
Hormones🔴
1.Growth and development
2. Intermediary metabolism of Lipids, carbohydrates, Proteins.
3.Calorigenesis
4.CVS ... Heart rate , contractility and cardiac output increases, bounding pulse.
5. Haemopoiesis.....by only T4 treatment.
6.Indirect effect on reproduction.
Hormones🔴
1.Growth and development
2. Intermediary metabolism of Lipids, carbohydrates, Proteins.
3.Calorigenesis
4.CVS ... Heart rate , contractility and cardiac output increases, bounding pulse.
5. Haemopoiesis.....by only T4 treatment.
6.Indirect effect on reproduction.
🔴ADRS OF PROBENECID🔴
Severe
hepatic necrosis
anaphylactoid reactions / Rapid
nephrotic syndrome
aplastic anemia
• hemolytic anemia
• Moderate
• hematuria
• gout
• Mild
• nausea
• vomiting
• fever
• pruritus
• flushing
• alopecia
• polyuria
• headache
• dizziness
Severe
hepatic necrosis
anaphylactoid reactions / Rapid
nephrotic syndrome
aplastic anemia
• hemolytic anemia
• Moderate
• hematuria
• gout
• Mild
• nausea
• vomiting
• fever
• pruritus
• flushing
• alopecia
• polyuria
• headache
• dizziness
🔴INTERACTIONS🔴
➡️Probenecid-
☑Probenecid inhibits urinary excretion of cephalosporins,sulphonamides,Mtx and indomethacin.
☑Inhibits biliary excretion of rifampicin.
☑Pyrazinamide and ethambutol may interfere with uricosuric action of Probenecid.
☑Probenecid inhibits tubular secretion of nitrofurantoin.
☑Aspirin blocks uricosuric action of Probenecid.
➡️Probenecid-
☑Probenecid inhibits urinary excretion of cephalosporins,sulphonamides,Mtx and indomethacin.
☑Inhibits biliary excretion of rifampicin.
☑Pyrazinamide and ethambutol may interfere with uricosuric action of Probenecid.
☑Probenecid inhibits tubular secretion of nitrofurantoin.
☑Aspirin blocks uricosuric action of Probenecid.