🔴 Mechanism of Action 🔴

🔺Anterior Pituitary Hormones:-

1. Growth Hormone.... Acts on cell surface JAK-STAT receptors practically present on all type of cells (detail information is included in our general pharmacology notes has already uploded ) ...promotes growth of bones and all other organs by including hyperplasia.

(Growth of eye and brain is independent of Growth Hormone)

GH also maintain positive Nitrogen Balance.

Uptake of glucose by muscles is reduced while output from liver is increase and blood glucose level tend to rise.


2.Prolactin:-
Acts on JACK-STAT receptors on surface of target cells.

It promotes proliferation of ductal as well as acinar cells in the brest and induces synthesis of milk proteins and lactose.

Gonadotropins ( FSH & LH) also secreted from the anterior pituitary gland but, we will discuss in detail about that in steroidal section)

Note:-... You have to study some basics related with Hormones and secretion of hormones from particular gland before going to study mechanism of action of Hormone)

🔴 Hormones are secreted by the endocrine or ductless glands. These are:

🔺1 . Pituitary
(a) Anterior pituitary :-

Growth hormone (GH),
Prolactin ( Prl),
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or
Corticotropin.
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) or Thyrotropin.
Gonadotropins-Follicle stimulating hormone
(FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH).
(b) Posterior pituitary :-

Oxytocin,
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin.

🔺2 . Thyroid Hormones:-
Thyroxine (T4, Triiodothyronine (T3 ),Calcitonin.

🔺3. Parathyroid:-
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
or Parathormone.

🔺4 . Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)
Insulin, Glucagon.

🔺5. Adrenals

🔶(a) Cortex :-
Glucocorticoids (hydrocortisone)
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Sex steroids ( dehydroepiandrosterone)

🔸(b) Medulla :- Adrenaline, noradrenaline

🔺6. Gonads :-
Androgens (testosterone)
Estrogens ( estradiol)
Progestins (progesterone)

Note.....In addition, hypothalamus, which is a part
of the CNs and not a gland, produces many
releasing and re lease inhibitory hormones
which control the secretion of anterior pituitary
hormones.

🟢 Placenta also secretes many Hormones :-

Chorionic gonadotropin,
Estrogens ,
Placental lactogen ,
Prolactin ,Progesterone
,Chorionic thyrotropin.

🔴ADRS OF ALLOPURINOL🔴

📌 More common hypersensitivity reactions are more common

Ankle, knee, or great toe joint pain
joint stiffness or swelling
rash
rash with flat lesions or small raised lesions on the skin

📌 Rare
• ammonia-like breath odor
• anxiety
• bleeding gums
• blistering, peeling, or loosening of the skin
• blood in the urine or stools

🔴INTERACTIONS🔴

➡️Allopurinol-

✔Inhibits degradation of 6-mercaptopurine and azathioprine,but not that of thioguanine because it follows S-methylation type of path.
✔Probenecid with allopurinol has complex interaction,allopurinol prolongs half life of Probenecid.
✔Allopurinol potentiate warfarin and theophylline by inhibiting their mechanisms.
✔When ampicillin is given to patients which are on allopurinol high incidence of skin rashes has been reported.