🔴 Definitions

🔸The autonomic nervous:

The autonomic nervous system is a component of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal.


🔸The sympathetic nervous system:

The sympathetic nervous system is part of the autonomic nervous system, an extensive network of neurons that regulate the body’s involuntary processes.


🔸The parasympathetic nervous system:

(PSNS) is a division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) that controls the activity of the smooth and cardiac muscles and glands.


🔸The somatic nervous system :


(SoNS), also known as the voluntary nervous system, is a part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). It consists of neurons that are associated with skeletal or striated muscle fibers and influence voluntary movements of the body.


🔸Peripheral nervous system:

The portion of the nervous system that is outside the brain and spinal cord.

🔴MOA OF GANGLIONIC STIMULANTS🔴

➡️Combine with ganglionic nicotinic receptors on the postsynaptic membrane Leads membrane depolarization, Influx of sodium and calcium ions Generation of a fast excitatory - - postsynaptic potential . stimulation of autonomic ganglia and a complex pattern of mixed sympathetic and parasympathetic responses.

🔴MOA OF HEXAMETHONIUM🔴

➡️Hexamethonium is a non-depolarising ganglionic blocker, a nicotinic (nAChR) receptor antagonist that acts in autonomic ganglia by binding mostly in or on the nAChR receptor, and not the acetylcholine binding site itself.

🔴ADR OF GANGLIONIC BLOCKERS🔴

📌Orthostatic Collapse(Fall of arterial blood pressure)
📌Atony of intestine and urinary bladder
📌Constipation
📌Urinary Retention
📌Midrasis
📌Paralysis of accommodation
📌Dry mouth
📌Dysphagy
📌Dysarthria

🔴DEFINITION

🔶Bioassay (or biological assay) =

Used to determine the potency of a physical, chemical or biological agent, by means of a biological indicator i.e. measuring the response of living organisms or tissues to a test treatment.

🔸Bmax =

The maximum amount of drug or radioligand, usually expressed as picomoles (pM) per mg protein, which can bind specifically to the receptors in a membrane preparation. Bmax be used to measure the density of receptor sites in a particular test sample.

🔸Chromatin

A complex of DNA and proteins within the nucleus of mammalian cells.

🔸Cmax

Cmax is the maximum or 'peak' concentration of a drug observed after its administration.

🔸Cmin

The Cmin, or trough concentration is observed after drug administration and just prior to the administration of a subsequent dose.

🔴Mechanism of action

🔷Dopamine :-
➡Dopamine is administered as a continuous intravenous infusion.
➡At low doses, dopamine preferentially stimulates D1 and D2 receptors in the renal vasculature, which leads to vasodilation and promotes renal blood flow to preserve glomerular filtration.

🔶Ephedrine :-
➡Ephedrine, a sympathomimetic amine, acts on part of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS).
➡The principal mechanism of action relies on its indirect stimulation of the adrenergic receptor system by increasing the activity of norepinephrine at the postsynaptic α and β receptors.

🔴MECHANISM OF ACTION🔴

▶️BRONCHODILATORS

▪A bronchodilator or broncholytic is a substance that dilates the bronchi and bronchioles, decreasing resistance in the respiratory airway and increasing airflow to the lungs. ▪Bronchodilators may be endogenous or they may be medications administered for the treatment of breathing difficulties.

▪They are most useful in obstructive lung diseases, of which asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are the most common conditions.

▪ Although this remains somewhat controversial, they might be useful in bronchiolitis and bronchiectasis.

▪They are often prescribed but of unproven significance in restrictive lung diseases.



▶️ANORETICS

▪An anorectic or anorexic is a drug which reduces appetite, resulting in lower food consumption, leading to weight loss. 

▪By contrast, an appetite stimulant is referred to as orexigenic.


▶️CARDIAC STIMULENTS

▪Cardiotonic drugs increase the force of the contraction of the muscle (myocardium) of the heart. This is called a positive inotropic action.

▪ When the force of contraction of the myocardium is increased, the amount of blood leaving the left ventricle at the time of each contraction is increased.


▶️CNS STIMULANTS

▪Stimulants increase alertness, attention, and energy, which are accompanied by increases in blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration.

▪stimulants were used to treat asthma and other respiratory problems, obesity, neurological disorders, and a variety of other ailments.